AP HUG Unit 7: Settlements, Services, and Urbanization

Consumer Services

services that are primarily sold to individuals as opposed to organizations

Business services

work that supports a business but does not produce a tangible commodity

Public Services

the business of supplying a commodity (as electricity or gas) or service (as transportation) to any or all members of a community

settlement

A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants

clustered rural settlement

a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings

dispersed rural settlement

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

economic base

A community’s collection of basic businesses

enclosure movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century

urbanization

An increase in the percentage of and the number of people living in urban settlements

market area/hinterland

The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services

rank size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the *n*th largest settlement is 1/*n* the population of the largest settlement.

primate city

A city that is the largest settlement in a country and has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

primate city rule

A pattern of settlements in a country such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

basic business

A business that sells its products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement.

non basic business

A business that sells its products primarily to consumers in the same settlement.

central business district (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

Latin America sector

 combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones.

concentric zone model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

sector model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district.

multiple nuclei model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

census tracts

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published;

social area analysis

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban

squatter/informal settlements

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

filtering

A process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.

urban renewal

where cities remove residents from low income areas and rebuild the area to attract higher income residents.

public housing

Government-owned housing rented to low-income individual, with rents set at 30 percent of the tenant’s income.

gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income, renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class, owner-occupied area.

annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.

central city

An urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality.

urbanized area

In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.

metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

In the United States, an urbanized area of at least 50,000 population, the county within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city.

micropolitan statistic area (mSA)

A geographic region containing at least one urban area with a population between 10,000 and 50,000

underclass

A group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.

peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

edge city

A large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban area.

density gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

greenbelts

a ring of land around a town or a city, like parks, agricultural areas, or other types of open space to limit urban sprawl.

smart growth

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

zoning ordinances

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

megalopolis

A continuous urban complex in the northeastern United States.