AP World unit 2

Caravanserai

Roadside inns located approximately 100 miles apart, providing rest and logistical support for travelers.

Flying Cash/Money

An early form of Chinese paper currency that enabled trade through the use of multi-location deposits and withdrawals.

Banking Houses

European financial institutions established in the 1300s for managing transactions, credit, and deposits.

Bill of Exchange

A document that promises the legal payment of a specified amount on a designated date.

Silk Roads

A vast trade network that facilitated the exchange of goods, culture, and technology between the East and West.

Samarkand

A key Silk Road stop located in Uzbekistan, known for being a cultural melting pot of goods and ideas.

Kashgar

A vital Silk Road trade hub in western China, significant for its resources of water and food along trade routes.

Mongols

An empire known for expanding trade and fostering interconnectivity across Eurasia through the support of the Silk Road.

Malacca (Melaka)

An important Indian Ocean trading port from 1400-1511 that became wealthy from strait fees and Islamic scholarship.

Gujarat

A western Indian Rajput kingdom that served as a crucial intermediary for East-West trade, generating revenue through customs and port fees.

Swahili City-States

East African coastal cities that thrived on trade, most of whose merchants converted to Islam in the 13th century.

Zheng He

A Chinese mariner of the Ming Dynasty who led naval expeditions from 1405 to 1433 to enhance China's influence.

Mali

A West African empire that controlled Trans-Saharan trade routes and facilitated Afro-Eurasian trade.

Sundiata

The founder of the Mali Empire who increased wealth through trade taxes and united people using Islam.

Mansa Musa

The leader of Mali known for his wealth, Hajj pilgrimage in 1324, and efforts to promote education in Timbuktu.

Ibn Battuta

A Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler who documented local traditions across Afro-Eurasia from 1304-1353.

Marco Polo

A Venetian merchant whose travels to Asia introduced Europeans to the region and sparked interest in trade.

Margery Kempe

An English Christian mystic considered to have written the first English autobiography; focused on her travels and pilgrimages.

Champa Rice

A fast-ripening, drought-resistant rice from India that significantly increased food production in China.

Yam System

A communication system used by the Mongols involving relay stations and messengers for rapid communication.

Dhows

Traditional Indian Ocean sailing vessels characterized by their lateen sails.

Junks

Large Chinese cargo ships known for their advanced design and usage in Indian Ocean trade.

Lateen Sails

Triangular sails that allowed ships to sail against the wind, aiding maritime exploration.

Stern Rudder

A Chinese maritime innovation that improved steering and control of ships.

Astrolabe

An ancient instrument, refined by Arabs, for determining latitude during navigation.

Magnetic Compass

A Chinese invention that indicated directional navigation, vastly improving sea travel.

Tang and Song Commercial Expansion

Periods of rapid commercial growth due to advancements in canal systems and the Silk Roads.

Cultural Spread

The diffusion of beliefs and practices, notably Buddhism and Islam, through trade networks.

Barter Economies

Economic systems where goods are exchanged directly without the use of money.

Transition to Money Economies

The evolution from barter systems to economies using currency to facilitate trade.

Black Death

A pandemic that spread along trade routes; it reduced Europe's population by approximately 50% between 1347 and 1351.

Karakorum

The capital established by Genghis Khan, which attracted scholars and facilitated cultural exchange.

Pax Mongolica

The period of peace and stability established by the Mongol Empire that promoted trade across Eurasia.

Golden Horde

A Mongol state established in Russia, known for its invasions and control over tribute collection.

Ilkhan Khanate

A Mongol state in the Middle East known for incorporating local taxes and fostering the Islamic Golden Age.

Yuan Dynasty

The Mongolian dynasty established in China by Kublai Khan, marked by cultural exchange and trade advancements.

Cultural Syncretism

The blending of different cultural practices and beliefs, as seen in Swahili civilization.

Environmental Consequences

The impact of trade and connectivity on the environment, including degradation and changes in land use.

Diffusion of Crops

The spread of agricultural products along trade routes that impacted demographics and food production.

Bubonic Plague Spread

The rapid dissemination of the Black Death along trade routes, significantly affecting population and societies.

Labor Shortages

The reduction in available workers due to the plague, leading to changes in wages and working conditions.

Islamic Networks and Influences

The extensive trade relations and cultural exchanges facilitated by Islamic merchants across Afro-Eurasia.

Technological Innovations

Advancements that emerged during the era, such as the compass and printing, which transformed trade and knowledge.

Economic Exchange Comparison

Analysis of the similarities and differences in the various networks of exchange from 1200 to 1450.

Proto-Industrialization

The gradual shift towards industrial production influenced by expanding trade networks.

Social and Gender Structures

The changing roles and expectations for different genders within various societies due to trade dynamics.

Political Instability

The turmoil and upheaval within regions impacted by the expansion of trade and the spread of disease.

Benefits of Trade Networks

The advantages gained through trade, such as cultural exchange, wealth generation, and technological transfer.

Islamic Golden Age

A period marked by advancements in various sciences and preservation of knowledge that flourished under Islamic empires.

Maritime Trade Routes

Sea-based trade networks that complemented land routes and facilitated the exchange of goods across vast distances.

Cultural Developments and Interactions

The exchange and influence of different cultures in shaping societies during periods of trade expansion.

Governance

How trade networks influenced the structure and stability of political entities during the period.

Technology and Innovation

New tools and practices that emerged as a result of increased trade and interaction among different cultures.

Economic Systems

The structures through which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed during trade.

Social Interactions and Organizations

The ways in which individuals and groups connected and organized within trade networks.

Interconnectedness

The state of being connected with others, particularly through trade routes that crossed diverse regions.

Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

The impact of trade on cultural exchanges, leading to new religions, languages, and practices being shared.

Contextualization

The process of placing historical events, specifically trade developments, within a broader context.

Claims and Evidence

Analyzing sources for their credibility based on the claims made and the supporting evidence provided.

Argumentation

Developing claims and supporting them with evidence from historical analysis.

Sourcing and Situation

Evaluating the origin of sources and understanding the circumstances surrounding historical events.

Human Interaction Networks

The systems of trade and communication that evolved during periods of connectivity among societies.

Cultural Consequences of Economic Exchange

The ways in which the exchange of goods influenced cultural developments and interactions.

Transfer of Knowledge

The sharing and dissemination of ideas and technological advancements along trade routes.

Historical Context

The background information that situates events or phenomena within their historical framework.

Economic Impact of Connectivity

The influence of interconnected trade on regional economies during the period.