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volcano case study causes- Cumbre Vieja 2021, at La Palma

• rising magma from the mantle accumulated under the volcano, increasing pressure until the surface cracked. In the week before the eruption, over 20,000 earthquakes were recorded, showing intense magma movement

• La Palma sits on the boundary of the African plate, where a hotspot causes magma to rise. The Cumbre Vieja rift system has erupted several times over the past 500 years, making it one of the most active areas in the Canary islands

• weak volcanic structure: The volcanic cone has a steep, unstable structure prone to collapsing, which can trigger eruptions. An 800m long fissure opened, quickly producing multiple vents for lava to escape

consequences of volcanic eruption: Cumbre Vieja 2021, at La Palma

• €1b damages

• 1500 houses destroyed

• water supply was cut off for almost 3,000 people

responses to volcanic eruption: Cumbre Vieja 2021, at La Palma

• a warning was issued a week before the eruption, 40 people and livestock were evacuated

• €5.4m advanced payment donated by EU

• 7,000 evacuated

Haiti earthquake - primary effects

• 220,000 deaths

• 1m people homeless

• 210,000 buildings damaged

Haiti earthquake - secondary effects

• 2m people left without food or water

• crime increased (armed robbery) - 5000 prisoners escaped

• Cholera outbreak - 10,000 deaths

Haiti earthquake - primary responses

• USA sent rescue teams and 10,000 troops

• £20m donated by UK government

• 235,000 people were moved away from Port-Au-Prince to less damaged cities

Haiti earthquake - secondary responses

• 7000 homes rebuilt

• World Bank suspended country debt for 5 years

• Dominican Republic accepted 200,000 refugees