Foodservice Systems Management Exam 3: Leadership

What is leadership?

The process of influencing the activities of an individual or group towards goal achievement

What is leading concerned with?

Creating an environment in which members of the organization are motivated to contribute to organizational goals and changes

What does management cope with?

Complexities

What does management organize?

Organize and staff people to achieve goals

How does management control people?

Control people by pushing them in the right direction

What does management focus on?

-The present

-Maintain the status quo

-Stability

What does management implement?

Policies and procedures

What does leadership cope with?

Change

What does leadership align?

People toward goals by communicating and empowering with people

How does leadership motive individuals?

By satisfying basic human needs

What does leadership focus on?

The future and create change

What does leadership initiate?

-Goals and strategies

-Design policy and procedures

What are characteristics of leaders?

-Ability to inspire

-Understanding of human behavior

-Commonality with workers

-Verbal assertiveness

-Willingness to communicate honestly

-Dedication to goals

-Sets the example

-Takes risks

-Assumes full responsibility

-Supports personnel

-Skill of compromise

-Accepts criticism

What is power?

The degree of influence on the followers

What is power closely related to?

The concepts of leadership and authority

What is position power?

Derived from a person's official position in an organization

What is personal power?

Comes from personal attributes and expertise

What is legitimate power based on?

The formal position held by an individual in an organization

What is the order generally with legitimate power?

Generally, the higher the position, the higher the legitimate power

What does legitimate power induce?

Compliance from others

What do followers believe from a person with legitimate power?

The followers believe this person has the give directions by virtue of his or her position

What is reward power?

A leader's ability to reward others

What are examples of reward power?

-Increases in pay

-Promotions

-Favorable job assignments

What is coercive power?

The authority of a leader to punish those who do not comply

-May induce compliance from others

What are examples of coercive power?

-Fire

-Demote

-Threaten

-Give undesirable work assignments

What is expert power?

-Make the managers to be competent in their job

-Subordinates respect for leader's abilities

What are examples of expert power?

Knowledge gained through education or experience

What is referent power (charisma)?

-Based on identification of followers with a leader

-Makes leaders well liked and admired by others

What does laissez-faire leadership encourage?

It encourages individuals to have a high amount of freedom when setting and accomplishing goals

What does laissez-faire leadership allow?

It allows the group to make decisions

What are some disadvantages of laissez-faire leadership?

-The absence of leadership

-Avoids making decisions and fulfill responsibility

-Does not provide feedback or support to followers

What is transactional leadership?

It brings desired actions from others by using certain behaviors, rewards, punishments or incentives

What type of exchange is done in transactional leadership?

-Leader-follower exchange

-The exchange/transaction between leader and follower

What does transactional leadership do?

-Actively monitors followers performance and take corrective action

-Exchange levels of performance for different rewards

-Punishments for non-compliance or non-performance

What does transformational leadership do?

-Transform or change their followers

-Excite and inspire to change and motivate followers

-Group effort to achieve a shared vision

In what ways does transformational leadership transform or change the followers to do?

-Trust the leader

-Perform behaviors that contribute to the achievement of organizational goals

-Perform at a high level

What does transformational leadership align?

It aligns people and systems with the vision

Where is transformational leaderships attention?

To concerns and developmental needs

What does transformational leadership help staff do?

-Help staff look past old problems in new ways

-Change followers awareness of issues

What are three important factors of transformational leadership?

-Charisma

-Individual consideration

-Intellectual stimulation

What is charisma as one of the three important factors of transformational leadership?

Leaders encourage innovation by challenging employees to think creatively and solve problems

What is individual consideration as one of the three important factors of transformational leadership?

Leaders provide personalized support and mentorship to each team member

What is intellectual stimulation as one of the three important factors of transformational leadership?

Leaders challenge assumptions, take risks and solicit followers ideas

What do followers have if leaders have charisma, intellectually stimulates followers, and engages in developmental consideration according to transformational leadership?

-Followers have increased awareness of the importance of their tasks and of performing them well

-Followers are aware of their needs for personal growth, development and accomplishment

-Followers are motivated to work for the good of the organization rather than for their own personal gain or benefit

What does servant leadership do?

It places the needs of others at the center of decision-making

What are benefits of servant leadership?

-A clear understanding of core personal values

-Sense of accountability/responsibility

-Encourages collaboration, trust, foresight, listening, and the ethical use of power and empowerment

How does servant leadership provide a clear understanding of core personal values?

-By active listening and empathy

-Ability to see issues from a systems perspective

How does servant leadership provide a sense of accountability/responsibility?

-A sense of power and control

-Willingness to use it in a positive sense, in service to others

What does charismatic leadership do?

Inspire their followers devotion and allegiance

What are major characters of charismatic leadership?

-High degree of self-confidence

-Strong conviction about ideas

-High energy and enthusiasm

-Excellent communication skills

What does charismatic leadership actively do?

Actively builds images and creates impressions on followers

What are characteristics of followers of charismatic leaders?

-Form intense emotional bonds with the leader

-Have a high degree of respect and loyalty to the leader

What must leadership methods be?

They must be appropriate for each employee (singular)

What is the challenge with leadership methods?

To combine or group similar connections to your own methods

-hence the psychology embedded in leadership

What are different leadership theories?

-University of Michigan Leadership Studies

-Ohio State Leadership Studies

-Leadership Grid

-Leadership Practices Inventory

-Path-Goal Leadership Model

-Leadership continuum

-Contingency Approach

What are the two types of leaders according to the University of Michigan Leadership Studies?

-Employee orientation leaders

-Production orientation leaders

How are employee orientation leaders identified according to the University of Michigan Leadership Studies?

Identified by their special emphasis on the human relations part of their job

What do production orientation leaders emphasize according to the University of Michigan Leadership Studies?

Performance and the more technical characteristics of work

Which type of leader is more effective according to the University of Michigan Leadership Studies?

Employee orientation leaders

What are the four basic management styles according to the University of Michigan Leadership Studies?

-Exploitive autocratic (most made by top management)

-Benevolent autocratic (more made by top management)

-Consultative (less made by top management, more employee-made)

-Participative (made by employees)

What is exploitive autocratic management style according to the University of Michigan Leadership Studies?

-Motivate employees by fear and punishment

-All decisions are made by top management

What is benevolent autocratic management style according to the University of Michigan Leadership Studies?

-Small rewards are given

-Threats and punishment are the norm

-Only certain minor decisions are made by employees

What is consultative management style according to the University of Michigan Leadership Studies?

-Employees gain some confidence

-All major decisions come from the top

What is participative management style according to the University of Michigan Leadership Studies?

-Operate on a basis of trust and responsibility

-Employees discuss the job with their superiors

-Decision making is spread evenly through the organization

What are two parts of the Ohio State Leadership Studies?

-Consideration

-Initiating structure

What is consideration as an Ohio State Leadership study?

Behavior that expresses friendship, develops mutual trust and respect

What does consideration as an Ohio State Leadership study help?

It helps to develop strong interpersonal relationships with subordinates

How does consideration help to develop strong interpersonal relationships with subordinates?

-Supportive to subordinates

-Use their employees ideas

-Allow frequent participation in decisons

What is initiating structure as an Ohio State Leadership study?

-Behavior that defines work and establishes well-defined communication patterns

-Clear relationships between leader and subordinate

How does initiating structure create clear relationships between the leader and subordinate?

-Emphasize goals and deadlines

-Give employees detailed task assignments

-Define performance expectations in specific terms

What does the Ohio State Leadership Studies believe about consideration and initiating structure?

Leaders can achieve both dimensions

What are the 5 major elements of the leadership grid?

-Country Club Management

-Impoverished management

-Authority Obedience Management

-Team Management

-Middle of the Road management

What two variables make up the leadership grid?

-Concern for products/ results (horizontal)

-Concern for people (vertical)

What does country club management mean in the leadership grid?

-Accommodating

-Yield and Comply

Where does country club management fall on the leadership grid?

-High concern for people

-Low concern for production/results

-Top left

What does impoverished management mean on the leadership grid?

-Indifferent

-Evade and elude

Where does impoverished management fall on the leadership grid?

-Low concern for people

-Low concern for production/results

-Bottom left

What does authority obedience management mean on the leadership grid?

-Controlling

-Direct and dominate

Where does authority obedience management fall on the leadership grid?

-Low concern for people

-High concern for production/results

-Bottom right

What does team management mean on the leadership grid?

-Sound

-Contribute and commit

Where does team management fall on the leadership grid?

-High concern for people

-High concern for production/results

-Top right

What does middle of the road management mean on the leadership grid?

-Status Quo

-Balance and compromise

Where does middle of the road management fall of the leadership grid?

-Middle concern for people

-Middle concern for production/results

-Middle

What are the 5 major elements of leadership practices inventory?

-Challenging the process

-Inspiring a shared vision

-Modeling the way

-Enabling others to act

-Encouraging the heart

What does the leadership practices inventory "challenging the process" mean?

Take risks, innovate experiment

What does the leadership practices inventory "inspiring a shared vision" mean?

-Invent the future

-Enable others to become excited about this vision

What does the leadership practices inventory "modeling the way" mean?

Lead by example

What does the leadership practices inventory "enabling others to act" mean?

-Encourage teamwork and collaboration

-Empower others

-The most significant of the 5 practices

What does the leadership practices inventory "encouraging the heart" mean?

-Recognize the work of others

-Encourage others when they become exhausted, frustrated or disenchanted

What does the path-goal leadership model focus on?

The leader's impact on the subordinate's goals and the paths to achieve those goals

What occurs because of the path-goal leadership model?

-Individuals react rationally in pursuing certain goals

-Goals ultimately result in highly values payoffs to the individuals

What are the 4 major elements of the path-goal leadership model?

-Directive

-Supportive

-Achievement-oriented

-Participative

What does the path-goal leadership model "directive" mean?

-Providing guidelines

-Setting definite performance standards

What does the path-goal leadership model "supportive" mean?

Being friendly and concerned for subordinates well-being and needs

What does the path-goal leadership model "achievement-oriented" mean?

-Setting challenging goals

-Seeking to improve performance

What does the path-goal leadership model "participative" mean?

-Consulting with employees

-Emphasizing group decision making

What is behavior related to in the leadership continuum?

-The degree of authority used by the manager

-The amount of freedom available to subordinates in reaching decisions

What are the three components in the leadership continuum?

-The manager

-The subordinates

-the situation

What are the levels of leadership continuum?

-Tells decision

-Sells decision

-Discusses decision

-Asks for input on decision

-Collaborates on decision

-Delegates responsibility for decision

What are elements of the contingency approach?

-Leader-member relations

-Task structure

-Position power