APHUG chapters 6 to 11

cultural universals

It is something that all cultures have. The traits like Language, religion, and Government..

Cultural Traits

The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture.

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation, ethnic group, or culture.

Habit

repetition by one individual

Custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Traditional Folk Culture

the long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation. Usually homogenous and in predominantly in agricultural communities.

Popular culture

heterogeneous, rapidly changing, mostly in core countries, diffuses fast and at different times

Gendered spaces

spaces designed and deliberately incorporated into the landscape to accommodate gender roles

gender identity

one's sense of being male or female

Safe spaces

a space of acceptance for people who are sometimes marginalized by society

Gentrification

the renovations and improvements conforming to middle-class preferences

Third place

a communal space that is separate from home (first place) or work (second place)

Sense of place

Connecting feelings and memories to a geographical location.

Placemaking

a community-driven process in which people collaborate to create a place where they can live, work, play, and learn

Dialects

variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines

adherants

someone who is loyal to a particular party, person, or set of ideas

denominations

separate organizations that unite a number of local congregations

Sect

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.

Centripetal force

An attitude that tends to unify people

centrifugal force

a force that divides people and countries

Culture

behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, technologies and traditions shared by a group of people

Cultural trait

each attribute of a culture

Sociofact

organizations that influence social behavior.

Menifacts

The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, and etc. "What a culture believes"

Cultural norms

Agreed upon cultural practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture.

cultural relativism

not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

Cultural hearth

Locations on Earth's surface where specific cultures first arose.

diffusion process

way in which culture traits spread.

Expansion diffusion

when aspect if culture spreads outward from here it originated

Contagious diffusion

idea or cultural trait that spreads to people or places that are next to or adjoining each other.

Hierarchical diffusion

the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

stimulus diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle that stimulates new innovation

lingua franca

common language used among speakers of different languages.

Creolization

foreign influences are absorbed and giving them new local meaning

cultural convergence

contact and interaction of one culture and another and them becoming more similar.

cultural divergence

conflicting beliefs or barriers causing cultures to become less similar.

Acculturation

people on one culture adopt another while still being able to retain their own

Assimilation

When one culture adopts all the traits of another.

syncretism

traits from two or more cultures creating new ideas, customs, and values.

multiculaturalism

coexistence of many cultures in one area.

cultural appropiation

the process by which other cultures adopt customs. Used when inappropriate use of that culture.

Collective cultures

cultures that emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the needs and goals of the individual

Cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

identity

our sense of self

sequent occupance

theory that a place is occupied by different groups of people, each group leaving an imprint on the place from which the next group learns

Ethnicity

A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race.

ethinic neighborhood

neighborhood typically situated in a larger metropolitan city that is constructed or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice customs

traditional architecture

traditional building styles of different cultures, religions, and places

Postmodern Architecture

A reaction in architectural design to the feeling of sterile alienation that many people get from modern architecture. Postmodernism uses older, historical styles and a sense of lightheartedness and eclecticism. Buildings combine pleasant-looking forms and playful colors to convey new ideas and to create spaces that are more people-friendly than their modernist predecessors.

Religion

the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods.

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

Language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Toponyms

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface.

Language Family

the largest group of related languages.

Language Branch

collection of languages within a family share a common origin.

isolate

has no known historic or linguistic relationship with any other known language.

language group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

Islam

originated in Mecca and Medina on the Arabian peninsula in the 7th century. Belief in Muhammed who is the messenger of Allah. One of the Abrahamic religions.

Buddhism

the oldest universalizing religion, which arose from a hearth in northeastern India sometime between the mid-sixth and mid-fourth centuries BCE and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, called the Buddha

Sikhism

the newest universalizing religion; founded by Guru Nanak, who lived from 1469 to 1539, in the Punjab region of northwestern India

Ethnic Religions

closely tied with a particular ethnic group generally in a particular region

Hinduism

Dates from about 1500 B.C.E in south Asia.

Secularized

not religious

Nations

Cultural entities. or common identity that is shared among multiple individuals.

Nation-state

the territory occupied by a group who views themselves as a nation is the same a =s the politically recognized boundaries of the state they call their own.

irredentism

attempting to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation

multinational state

a country that contains more than one nation

multistate nation

Consists of people who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more than one country.

stateless nation

describes a people united by culture, language, history, and tradition but not possessing a state

autonomous

self-governing; independent

semiautonomous

describing a region that is given partial authority to govern its territories independently from the national government

territoriality

a concept of the space and things that an individual considers as belonging to the self

choke point

a strategic, narrow waterway between two larger bodies of water

colonialism

the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.

neocolonialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, this new form of economic imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics.

shatterbelts

states form, join, and break up because of ongoing often violent conflicts.

Self-determination

right of all people to choose their political status.

imperialism

push to create an empire by exercising force of influence to control other nations or peoples.

devolution

when the central power in a state is broken up among regional authorities within its borders

Federal state

power held by regional units like the states of the United States and provinces of Canada. Usually, a government that maintains some autonomy and holds substantial power.

unitary state

The central government conveys policies and funnels them down to regional units to be carried out. The central government creates its internal units, such as provinces, states, or other regional and local divisions, although it always maintains supreme authority at the top.

Concurrent

shared powers

reapportionment

seats in the House of Representatives are reallocated to different states.

Electoral College

electors that vote in the way that their state votes.

majority-minority districts

a solution for the disenfranchisement of minorities where gerrymandering minorities to be the majority in the districts so that they could get represented.

Redistrcting

boundaries of districts are redrawn to reflect any population changes but it is drawn by the state legislature which is a political party.

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

ethnic separatism

people of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly as members of their ethnic group than as citizens of the state.

ethnic cleansing

ridding of an ethnic group to try and eliminate it by expulsion, imprisonment, or killing.

Supernational organization

alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals or to address an issue or challenge that these countries share.

economies of scale

more goods and services can be produced for less money on average.

ethnonationalism

is when the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, religion, and language.

Ethnic Nationalism

puts up barriers for participation in the life of the state, because identifying a country by ethnicity, religion, and language excludes people who don't fit within those parameters

Sovereignty

supreme power or authority

geometric boundary

latitude/longitude

Physical boundary

Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers.

Antecedent Boundaries

a boundary that was created before the present-day cultural landscaped or people developed

Superimposed Boundaries

set by outside higher authority like the India Pakistan boarder.

Relic Boundaries

Old political boundaries that no longer exist as international borders, but that have left an enduring mark on the local cultural or environmental geography.

Subsequent Boundaries

developed along with or after the cultural landscape or people