Biology Winter Final 23

Unit 1, 2, 3 (i didn't include much of T7, so u might wanna check that out)

energy

the ability to do work, often stored in cells

macromolecules

big arrangements of atoms held together (comes from food) that create energy for survival

protein

• CHOPN

• maintain life

• hormones

• immune system

• enzymes

protein monomer

✨Whose Monomer?✨

Our Contestant is….

señor amino acid (20)

protein polymer

✨Whose Polymer?✨

Our Contestant is….

señorita polypeptide (amino acid chain)

carbohydrate

• CHO

• form cell wall

• quick ⚡

carbohydrate monomer

✨Whose Monomer?✨

Our Contestant is….

señor saccharide (glucose)

carbohydrate polymer

✨Whose Polymer?✨

Our Contestant is….

señorita polysaccharide (glycogen)

lipid

• CHOPN

• cell protection

• hormones

• waterproofing

  • waxes

lipid monomer

✨Whose Monomer?✨

Our Contestant is….

señor glycerol

lipid polymer

✨Whose Polymer?✨

Our Contestant is….

señorita fatty acids

nucleic acid

• AT (Adenine, Theymine)

• CG (Cyodine, Guanine)

  • [sugar + phosphate]

• carries genetic information

nucleic acid monomer

✨Whose Monomer?✨

Our Contestant is….

señor nucleotides

nucleic acid polymer

✨Whose Polymer?✨

Our Contestant is….

señorita DNA, RNA

prey

the hunted

predator

the hunter

Genus species

how to write scientific name

niche

the job in an ecosystem

karyotype

a picture of organized chromosomes from individuals

chromosomes

they store genes, 38 in all (but 46 for humans, which is 28 pairs)

male

XY chromosomes gender

female

XX chromosomes gender

genotype

the combination of alleles from each parent

genes

a unit of heredity

alleles

you get one from each parent

aerobic respiration

oxygen must be available for use

anaerobic respiration

occurs in low oxygen environments

fermentation

occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP; 2 types

lactic acid fermentation

enzymes convert glucose to lactic acid (during strenuous exercise when oxygen is low)

alcohol fermentation

occurs in yeast and some bacteria; used to make beer and wine

producers

1st level on pyramid, get energy from sun, aka autotroph

consumers

>1st level, eat autotrophs and other consumers

primary consumer

herbivore

carnivore

meat-eating

scavenger

carcass-consuming

omnivore

plant and meat-eating

gel

the substance the little DNA fragments swim across

DNA fragments

what are the little lines in this picture called

biotic

factors such as algae, trees, grass, fish

abiotic

factors such as water, air, sunlight, rock

limiting

factors such as sunlight available, water, nutrients, food, temperature

blue jays

grasshopper populations before and after blue jays preyed on them

• what was the selective pressure?

green

grasshopper populations before and after blue jays preyed on them

• which colored hopper was most likely to not unalive themselves

x

which axis represents plant types consumed

y

which axis represents different species

characteristics of life

1. cellular organization

2. reproduction

3. metabolism

4. homeostasis

5. heredity

6. response to stimuli

7. growth and development

8. adaptation through evolution

interphase

which stage of mitsosis?

prophase

which stage of mitosis?

metaphase

which stage of mitosis?

anaphase

which stage of mitosis?

telophase

which stage of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

states of mitosis (without interphase)

cellular respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP

photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight→ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

10% rule

general rule of an energy pyramid

keystone species

animal that an ecosystem couldn’t survive without

carrying capacity

the highest population amount in an ecosystem/enivornment

decrease

did the population increase or decrease?

anaerobic

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

glycolysis

one glucose (6C) turns into two pyruvic acids (3C)

aerobic

is krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic

krebs cycle

two pyruvic acids (3C) turn into 3 carbon dioxide (C)

cytoplasm

where does the krebs cycle occur

polymer

a large molecule composed of repeating smaller untis or monomers

enzyme

a protein that makes a reaction happen quicker; decreases activation energy of a reaction

active site

part of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits

catalyst

a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

organic compound

a compound that contains the element of carbon

enzyme-substrate complex

the combination of the enzyme and substrate

activation energy

the minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

monomer

small chemical that makes up a polymer

hydrolysis

breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

dehydration synthesis

chemical reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule

leaks in mitochondria

Sea otters stay warm due to their extreme metabolism, which is caused by _____ __ __________ that generate extra heat. This can help scientists understand their evolution and how other mammals stay warm.

homeostasis

when the population trend never changes, it appears to be in __________

immigration

moving into a population

emigration

leaving a population

population density

# number of individuals in an area

---

unit of area

density independent

factors that limit growth regardless of density of population

density dependent

factors effected by density of population

density independent factors

climate/weather, natural disasters, human activities

density dependent factors

predation, disease, parasites, competition

R-strategist

• small organism

• short life span

• many offspring

• populations controlled by independent factors

K-strategists

• large organism

• longer life span

• few offspring, lots of care

• populations controlled by dependent factors

color

On what variation do sea otters select urchin prey? 🤨🧐🥸

8

What pH should ocean water be at? 🤨🧐🥸

increase

over time, there has been a steady ________ of CO₂ in the atmosphere

decreased, more

over time, the pH of the ocean has _________, making it ____ acidic

hydrogen

the increase of ________ ions decreases pH level

i understand, my lord

me: please just understand that this image exists idk how to explain it, which doesn’t really help any of our cases, but if you want a link to it, it’s on page 3.19 in ur nb

you: I understand, my lord

calcifiers

crab, urchin, tube worm, pteropod, coccdiphophore, coral, alga

non-calcifiers

jellyfish, brown alga, octopus, sea anenome, sea squirt (lol), sea slug, fish, polychaete worm

test

• pictured in purple

• outer layer of sea urchin

• internal skeleton w/ infused plates

• aka the shell

gonads

• reproductive organ

• usually 5

• feels like jelly

• looks like a tongue

water vascular system

• pictured in blue

• goes all around the inside of the urchin

• responsible for circulation and movement

digestive system

• pictured in brown

• takes up the most space

• waste expelled through top

aristotle’s lantern

• person who named this was definitely on something weird

• the mouthparts

• five bony plates used to scrape (teeth)

spines and pedicellaria

• primary mode of defense

• covered with a layer of epithelium

tube feet

• movement

aboral

side of the urchin with

• bottom

• rectum

• anus