CHEM 1400 Exam 1 — C2: Atomic Orbitals

potential energy

stored energy due to an object/system’s position, condition, or configuration

gravitational potential energy & electrostatic potential energy

2 types of potential energy

electrostatic potenital energy

energy caused by the attraction or repulsion between charged particles

electrostatic potential energy

type of energy present when a negatively charged electron is attracted to the positively charged nucleus

low potential energy

when an electron is most stable it has __

electrostatic potential

type of energy that depends on the charge of the particle and their distance from another

unstable

type of bond where 2 of like charges result in high potential energy

stable

type of bond when a negative and positive charge results in a low potential energy

lower

For opposite charges, as distance decreases, results in __ potential energy

higher

For like charges, as distance decreases, results in __ potential energy

opposite

type of charges that have large attraction when they get close to each other

like

type of charges that have large repulsion as they get close to each other

opposite

type of charges that have large potential energy

like

type of charges that have low potential energy

electron near the nucleus

it has lower potential energy & is more stable

orbitals

space around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron

wave function

behavior of electron waves

probability density

likelihood of finding an electron at a specific distance from the nucleus

n

principal quantum number

principal quantum number

provides information about the electrons likely distance from the nucleus & the energy levels of orbitals

average radius

distance from an atom's nucleus to its outermost electron shell

average radius

as __ increases, the orbital energy increases

higher

orbitals get bigger & electrons get further from nucleus will result in __ potential energy

L

azimuthal/angular quantum number

angular quantum number

tells us about the shape of the orbital

s-orbital

when L=0

s-orbital

has sphere shape

p-orbital

L=1

p-orbital

has 2-lobes, one above and another below a plane

d-orbital

L=2

f-orbital

L=3

m of l

magnetic quantum number

magnetic quantum number

indicates the orientation of the orbital

s-orbital

mL = 0

p-orbital

mL = -1, 0 or 1

d-orbital

mL = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2

p-orbital

3 different types of orbitals

d-orbital

5 different types of orbitals

principal quantum number

provide information about the distance and energy level where there is a high probability of finding an electron

angular qunatum number

provides information about the shape of an orbital

magnetic quantum number

provides information about the orientation of the orbital in the 3D space

spin quantum number

orientation of the electron spin

weak

since electrons have a charge as they spin, they generate a __ magnetic field

radical probability density

probability of finding an electron in a thin shell at a radius r

node

area around the nucleus where there is 0 probability of finding an electron

radical node

spherical regions where the probability of finding an electron is zero

n - 1 - L

number of radical nodes equation

angular nodes

flat planes (or cones) where the probability of finding an electron is zero

radical

type of node with a fixed radius

angular

type of node with fixed angles

L

number of angular nodes is equal to

n - 1

total nodes equation