CHAPTER 2: EVOLUTION OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

Behavioral

An approach to clinical psychology emphasizing empiricism, observable and quantifiable problems and progress, and a lack of speculation about internal mental processes

Alfred Binet

A pioneer in the assessment of intelligence who co-created the Binet-Simon scale in the early 1900s, which evolved into the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

Boulder Conference

Alternate name for the scientist-practitioner model of graduate training stemming from the historic 1949 conference of directors of training in Boulder, Colorado

Cognitive

An approach to clinical psychology emphasizing illogical thought as the foundation of psychopathology and logical thought as the foundation of psychological wellness

Dementia Praecox

Emil Kraepelin's term for a cluster of psychological symptoms similar to what is currently known as schizophrenia

Diagnostic Criteria

Specific lists of symptoms used to define mental disorders

Dorothea Dix

A pioneer of reform in the treatment of the mentally ill in the United States and elsewhere in the 1800s

Endogenous Disorders

Emil Kraepelin's term for disorders caused by internal factors

Exogenous Disorders

Emil Kraepelin's term for disorders caused by external factors

Starke Hathaway

With J. C. McKinley, one of the creators of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Humanistic

An approach to clinical psychology deriving primarily from the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizing the tendency toward healthy growth within each individual

Emil Kraepelin

A pioneer of diagnostic categorization in mental health who was one of the first to assign formal labels to particular clusters of symptoms

J. C. McKinley

With Starke Hathaway, one of the creators of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A popular and empirically sound objective personality test for adults, originally published in 1943

Christiana Morgan

One of the creators of the Thematic Apperception Test, a popular projective personality test

Multiaxial System

An assessment system used by recent editions of the DSM that allows mental health professionals to provide diagnostic information on each of five distinct axes or domains

Henry Murray

One of the creators of the Thematic Apperception Test, a popular projective personality test

Neurosis

Along with psychosis, one of the two broad categories of mental illness used in Europe in the 1800s; refers to disorders such as anxiety and depression in which the individual maintains an intact grasp on reality

Philippe Pinel

A pioneer of reform in the treatment of the mentally ill in France in the late 1700s and early 1800s

Psychodynamic

An approach to clinical psychology deriving from the theories of Sigmund Freud and emphasizing the goal of making the unconscious conscious

The Psychological Clinic

The first scholarly journal in the field of clinical psychology, founded by Lightner Witmer in 1907

Psychosis

Along with neurosis, one of the two broad categories of mental illness used in Europe in the 1800s; refers to disorders in which the individual demonstrates a break from reality in the form of hallucinations, delusions, or grossly disorganized thinking

The Retreat

A residential treatment center in Connecticut founded by Eli Todd in which the mentally ill were treated in a humane and dignified way

Hermann Rorschach

Swiss psychiatrist who created the Rorschach Inkblot Method, a popular projective personality test

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

A widely accepted test of intelligence originally developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Edward Lee Thorndike

A pioneer in the study of intelligence who promoted the idea that each person possesses separate, independent intelligences; also, a leading researcher in the area of operant conditioning and the law of effect

Eli Todd

A pioneer of reform in the treatment of the mentally ill in the United States in the late 1700s and early 1800s

William Tuke

A pioneer of reform in the treatment of the mentally ill in England in the late 1700s and early 1800s

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A prominent scale of intelligence for adults

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

A prominent scale of intelligence for children

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)

A prominent scale of intelligence for preschoolers

Wechsler-Bellevue

The first intelligence scale created by David Wechsler in 1939, designed for adults

Lightner Witmer

The founder of the field of clinical psychology, the first psychological clinic, and the first journal devoted to clinical psychology

York Retreat

A residential treatment center in England founded by William Tuke in which the mentally ill were treated with kindness, dignity, and decency