Black History (Unit 5 Test)

Buffalo’s Fourth Ward

Area where most of the black population lived.

Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Law requiring escaped enslaved persons to be returned to the South and allowing slave catchers to operate in free states.

Millard Fillmore

President who passed the Fugitive Slave Act; he was from Buffalo.

Bethel AME Church

Founded in 1831, originally Vine Street Church; important center for the black community.

Michigan St. Baptist Church

Founded in 1838; became a key site for abolitionist leaders to speak.

Mary Talbert

A leading voice in women’s suffrage and abolitionist movements and first black woman to earn a PhD from UB. One of the founders of the Niagara Movement

Reverend J. Edward Nash

Pastor of Michigan Street Church for 61 years and a trusted advisor to Buffalo politicians.

Great Migration

Movement of black people from 1900-1950 due to push and pull factors like racial violence and job opportunities.

Redlining

Banking practice that color codes areas, disproportionately affecting neighborhoods with high populations of color.

Restrictive covenants

Clauses in home deeds that restrict sales to certain racial or ethnic groups.

Shelley v. Kraemer

1948 Supreme Court case that ruled racial restrictive covenants violated the 14th amendment.

1901 Pan American protests

Protests organized against racist exhibits showcasing black excellence and culture.

Niagara Movement

1905 civil rights movement founded by black leaders to fight for rights and overturn racist laws.

Colored Musicians Club

Founded in 1918 to support black musicians facing racism in their industry.

War Memorial Stadium

Built in 1937, home of the Buffalo Bills, contributing to a vibrant business district.

Willert Court

Housing project started in 1939 specifically for black residents, significant for black life in Buffalo.

Eva Noles

First black nurse in Buffalo.

Leeland Jones

First black person elected to political office in Buffalo.

Jefferson Ave Corridor

Business area in East Buffalo, primarily consisting of black-owned businesses.

John Young

First restaurateur to serve chicken wings in Buffalo in 1961.

Doris Records

First African American record store in Buffalo, famous for hosting notable artists.

Arthur Hardwick

First black president to run for US presidency; a NYS legislator.

Shirley Chisholm

First black woman elected to Congress.

Buffalo Challenger

First black newspaper founded in 1963, currently run by A1-Nisa Banks.

Arthur O. Eve

First black person to earn the Democratic nomination for mayor and advocate for education rights.

BUILD

Community organization founded in 1967 to support the black community in Buffalo.

Lucille Clifton

Important black writer who published her first book in 1969.

Juneteenth

Celebration of emancipation from slavery established in 1976, significant event in Buffalo.

Arthur v. Nyquist

Case challenging lack of equal opportunity for black students in Buffalo's public schools.

MLK Park

Olmsted park in Buffalo originally named The Parade, renamed in 1977.

Ujima Theater

Founded by Lorna Hill in 1978.

Rick James

Famous musician known for the song "Super Freak."