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What must happen to waste products from metabolism, such as ammonia, to prevent fatality?
They must be converted into urea by the liver.
Which organ eliminates carbon dioxide from the body?
The lungs.
What do the intestines eliminate besides indigestible material?
Waste secreted into the lumen, such as bile pigments.
What role does the liver play in detoxification?
It modifies toxic substances into soluble metabolites that are excreted by the kidneys.
What do kidneys remove from the body?
Excess water, acid/base, ions, urea, uric acid, and other metabolites.
What is the effect of ADH (Arginine Vasopressin) and Aldosterone on the kidneys?
They regulate water balance and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
What are the two main types of diabetes related to kidney function and their causes?
Diabetes mellitus (poor insulin production or resistance) and diabetes insipidus (destruction of ADH-producing cells or insensitivity to ADH).
What are kidney stones and what can cause them?
Mineral deposits in kidneys caused by insufficient water intake or dietary excess.
What is one treatment for kidney stones?
Surgical removal or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL).
What are the two types of dialysis mentioned?
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
How does hemodialysis work?
It exchanges blood with a solution (dialysate) via an external machine.
What is the process of peritoneal dialysis?
Dialysate is fed through a catheter into the peritoneal cavity and replaced several times per day.
What offers a permanent solution for patients with renal failure?
Kidney transplants.
What future possibility exists for transplants that may resolve tissue rejection issues?
Xenotransplants from genetically engineered pigs.
