Cellular Respiration and Energy Production

Cellular respiration

cells making energy from food.

ATP

energy currency.

Aerobic respiration

uses oxygen, O2. Example: walking

Anaerobic respiration

doesn't use oxygen. Example: lifting weights

Glycolysis

common pathway; makes 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvates; occurs in cytosol.

NADH

holds a hydrogen for the electron transport chain.

Pyruvate

3 carbon molecule from breaking glucose in half; swing molecule.

Kreb's cycle

aerobic pathway; makes 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2; occurs in matrix of mitochondria.

FADH2

holds a hydrogen for the electron transport chain.

Electron transport chain

aerobic; 34 ATP; occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Aerobic pathway

makes 38 ATP, 6 CO2 per glucose.

Alcoholic fermentation

pyruvate is made into an alcohol; makes 2 ethanols, 2 ATP, and 2 CO2 per glucose; anaerobic respiration. Example: yeast

Lactic acid fermentation

makes 2 ATP and 2 lactic acids per glucose; occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic respiration.

Low density lipoproteins

bad cholesterol; causes plaque in blood vessels.

High density lipoproteins

good cholesterol; takes cholesterol to liver.

Nonessential amino acids

your body can make, so you don't have to eat; 11.

Essential amino acids

must be gotten from diet; 9.

Phenylketonuria

PKU; can't break down phenylalanine, which builds up in developing brains and causes mental retardation.

calorie

a measurement of energy; amount of energy to raise 1 gram of water 1°C.

Calorie

amount of energy to raise 1000 grams of water 1 °C; 1 kilocalorie; 1 food Calorie.

One pound of fat

3500 Cal.

Basal metabolic rate

when you are just sitting here, doing nothing, eating nothing.

Factors that raise metabolic rate

exercise, thyroid hormones, sympathetic nervous system, fever, eating, being in a cold temperature, pregnancy, being male, being young, being awake, thin.

complex carbohydrates can be converted into ____ to go through the aerobic pathway

glucose

____ ____ ____ can be converted to glycerol to become pyruvic acid

Lipids, triglycerides, and fats

Most people need ____ calories

2000

Aerobic exercise burns

fat

Anaerobic exercise builds

muscle

Muscle tissue burns more what than fat tissues

calories

What can affect BMR

Stress, climate, overall health and phases of menstrual cycle