aphg ch3

acculturation

adoption of cultural traits (eg. language) by one grp under influence of another

animism

world is seen as being infused w/ spiritual & supernatural powers, common in africa & americas

creole

pidgin language evolved to become primary language of ppl who speak it

cultural complex

grp of traits that define a culture

cultural geography

how cultures vary over space

cultural hearths

where specific cultures first arose

cultural imperialism

dominance of 1 culture over another

cultural relativism

understanding a culture on its own terms > judging it by standards/customs of one’s own culture

culture

total way of life held in common by grp of people (eg. language, ideology, behaviour, technology, government, etc.)

dialects

geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary somewhat from the parent form (eg. british/australian/american english)

diaspora

ppl who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity

ecumene

porportion of earth inhabited by humans

environmental determinism

doctrine claiming that cultural traits are formed/controlled by environmental conditions (PROBLEMATIC!!!!)

esperanto

constructed international auxiliary language incorporating aspects of linguistic traditions to create universal means of communication (didnt catch on)

ethnic cleansing

systematic attempt to remove all people of a particular ethnicity from country/region by forced migration or genocide

ethnic religion

religion identified w/ particular ethnic/tribal grp that does not seek new converts

ethnicity

grp of ppl with common identity

ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions of one’s own cultural standards & traditions

evangelical religion

religion in which an effort is made to spread a particular belief system

fundamentalism

strict adherence to a particualr doctrine

gender inequality index

un index introduced in 2010, measures country’s loss of achievement due to gender inequality based on reproductive health, employment, and general empowerment

ghetto

segregated ethnic area within a city

global religion

religion in which members are numerous and widespread and whose doctrines might appeal to different people from any region of the globe

indigenous culture

refers to many cultural practices that form sights/smells/sounds/rituals of everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed

indo-european

language family containing germanic & romance languages, including languages spoken by about 50% of world’s ppl

isoglosses

geographical boundary lines where different linguistic features meet

language family

collection of many languages which came from the same original tongue and have since evolved different characteristics (old)

language group

set of languages w/ relatively recent common origin & many similar characteristics

local religions

religions spiritually bound to particualr regions

pidgin

language that may develop when 2 grps of people with different languages meet, has some characteristics of each language, NOT formalized

polyglot

multilingual state

pop culture

dynamic culture based in large heterogenous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, & change; having a money-based economy, division of labour into professions, secular institutions of control, & weak interpersonal ties & producing & consuming machine-made goods

sino-tibetan

language area in most of southeast asia & china (chinese, burmese, tibetan, japanese, korean)

stimulus diffusion

when specific cultural element is diffused to another culture, giving it new & unique form

syncretic

traditions that borrow from both past & present

toponyms

place names given to certain features on land (eg. settlements, terrain features, streams)

transculturation

expansion of cultural traits through diffusion, adoption, and other related processes

universalizing religion

religion that seeks to unite people from all over the globe