EAR 117 Practice

The arrangement of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule causes the water molecule

to be polar

Covalent bonds link a water molecule's

positively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atom

Heat is measured in

calories

How many calories must be removed from 5 g of pure water at 10°C to convert the water to ice?

450

Seawater with a salt content of 35 g/kg has a freezing point

above its temperature of maximum density

The process of changing ice directly to water vapor is known as

sublimation

Which of the following materials has the highest specific heat?

Water

Viscosity of ocean water increases primarily

as the temperature decreases

Changes in water density in the oceans create

sound shadows

Above a salt content of 24.7 g/kg as the temperature decreases

the water density increases to the freezing point and the freezing temperature decreases as the salt content increases

Which substance has the greatest density?

Cold salt water

The following change would result in a density increase

increase in salinity

The addition of salt to fresh water to form salt water

increases the density of the water

The pressure increase experienced by equipment lowered to a depth of 1000 m is approximately

100 atmospheres

The long red wavelengths of visible light are

absorbed in the first meter

A Secchi disk is used to measure the attenuation of

light

Light and sound interact with seawater by

refracted

Which method best transmits heat through water?

Convection

Water is heated from above by

diffusion and conduction

Above a salt content of 24.7 g/kg as the temperature decreases

the attenuation factor of light increases

Trace elements in seawater are

necessary for many marine life forms

The major ionic constituents of sea salt are normally found to have

a constant ratio of each constituent to each other

The major ions of seawater are those which

do not vary from place to place in the oceans

The residence time of an ion in the oceans may be determined by

dividing the total amount of the ion by either the input or output rate

Dittmar analyzed approximately seventy seawater samples collected around the world during the Challenger Expedition. He concluded that the major ions were always

present in the same ratios

Which of the following is NOT a major dissolved constituent of seawater?

Iron

Ions are removed from seawater most effectively by

adsorption

The average salinity of the oceans is about

35% parts per thousand

The dissolving ability of water is related to

the attraction between the water molecule's positive and negative charges and charges on other atoms

Sources of the oceans' salts are believed to include

Earth's crust

Which situations cause an ion to have a long residence time in the oceans?

A rapid rate of reaction with other substances

Electrical conductivity readings at a known temperature measure

salinity

Salinity may be measured by checking the water's

conductivity

As we go below the euphotic zone of the open ocean and into greater depths

carbon dioxide increases with depth

The balance between photosynthesis and respiration in the open ocean's water column

changes with depth

The pH of seawater is regulated by its

carbon dioxide concentration

In order to change the pH of water by one integer number (from 7 to 8 or from 8 to 7 for instance) you would have to change the concentration of the hydrogen ion by a factor of

10

The Redfield ratio

is related to the average composition of all plankton in the ocean

A device used to separate fresh water from salt water using heat is called a(n)

still

Which desalination process requires the least energy?

Reverse osmosis

The annual range of surface temperature is greater on land than at sea because

the specific heat of water is greater than that of land

Seasonal variations in temperature due to variations in solar radiation input are highest in

temperate latitudes

Approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the surface of the Earth?

47%

Heat energy gained at low latitudes is redistributed to higher latitudes by

atmospheric circulation

Clouds _ radiation

Absorb shortwave

The effect of ozone destruction is most severe at

polar latitudes

The greatest concentration of ozone is in the

stratosphere

A parcel of air from the South Pole moves due north along the prime meridian; its motion is independent of Earth's rotation. Over what longitude will it be found four hours later?

60°W

Earth's surface winds are caused by air moving from a region of

high pressure to a region of low pressure

The Northern Hemisphere polar jet stream

lies above the boundary between the polar easterlies and the westerlies

The Coriolis effect deflects objects in the Northern Hemisphere to the

right relative to their direction of motion

Air becomes less dense and rises when the

air warms

The doldrums are found between the

northeast trade winds and the southeast trade winds

During the Indian wet monsoon the prevailing winds blow

onshore in the summer

Along the west coast of India the prevailing wind during the winter blows

offshore and produces the dry monsoon

Hurricanes derive their energy from

low pressure zones in the tropical latitudes

An El Niño event means

higher surface-water temperatures in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific

Which statement(s) about El Niño is(are) true?

It produces warm surface water along the Peru-Ecuador coast

When sea ice forms the surface water beneath the ice becomes less dense

False

The tabular icebergs are formed from sea ice

False

If extremely cold fresh water is added on top of seawater

the cold water will float at the surface

Which of the following has the highest density?

1.039 g/cm3

An average value for the temperature of deep-ocean water is

4 °C

A good example of thermohaline circulation is found close to

Antarctica

Deep-ocean water in the Atlantic Ocean flows mainly

north-south

Order the following water bodies from highest to lowest salinity

Mediterranean intermediate water

In the Southern Hemisphere

the speed of the wind-driven water decreases with depth and the water moves to the left of the wind

The large ocean gyres are characterized by

higher salinities inwards

A south wind produces a

northeast

Which current flows south along the west coast of the United States?

California

Oil tankers coming from the Persian Gulf to the United States use the

Agulhas

Which current flows north to south along the northeast coast of the United States?

Labrador

The southeast trade winds directly produce the

South Equatorial

Currents are more intense on the

western side of the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans

The Arctic Ocean receives

North Atlantic water from the Norwegian current and North Pacific water through the Bering Strait

Currents are less intense on the

east side of the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans.

Eddies are

persist for long periods of time

In which one of the following cases will coastal upwelling occur?

Wind blowing from south to north along the Georgia coast

The single most important source of deep water to all of the world's oceans is

downwelling in the North Atlantic

A doppler current meter shows an increase in sound frequency if the water flow is

moving toward the meter