AMACE BT1-Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals

Metals

rarely used in their pure form, other

elements like carbon, tin, mercury, zinc, and

chromium. This produces metal alloys.

Alloy

is a mixture of a base metal and one or more

additional elements. Combining metals like this

produces a material with very different properties to the

individual metals on their own.

FERROUS METALS

Iron, steel, and their alloys are usually the most

cost-effective metal choices for structural

applications.

Steel

A malleable alloy of iron and carbon (combined)

produced by melting and refining of pig iron

and/or scrap steel.

Pig iron

originated in the

early days of iron-ore reduction when the total

output of the blast furnace was sand cast iron

“pigs”. A mass iron roughly resembling the

shape of a reclining pig.

Alloy Steels

made by combining other

elements to steel such as nickel,

chromium, copper, and manganese.

Nickel Steel

stronger than carbon steel

and is used to make structural members

for buildings.

Carbon Steels

is an iron that contains low

to medium amounts of carbon

Stainless Steels

made from adding

chromium or a combination of nickel and

chromium.

Weathering Steel or HSLA

It forms its’ own protection against

atmospheric corrosion and thus requires

no painting. It is formulated to

produce a dense, stable oxide layer that

provides sufficient protection without the

need for coating systems. This oxide

layer results from the inclusion of

alloying elements such as copper,

chromium, nickel, and phosphorous and

is comparable to the patina seen on

uncoated cast iron exposed to the

atmosphere

Wrought Iron

Produced from pig iron in such a way as to

remove nearly all the carbon and other

impurities.

Galvanized Iron (G.I.)

Iron coated with zinc to prevent rust. The

process is achieved thru hot-dip galvanizing.

Common uses are metal decking, roofing and

accessories, ceiling framing, wall framing, and

piping.

Rolled Structural Shapes

Rolled Structural Shapes

Sheet Piling

sections of sheet material used to

provide earth retention and excavation support.

Steel Pipe

Galvanized steel pipes has a thin

coating of zinc which protects it from corrosion.

Reinforcing Steel

Comes in plain or deformed bars.

Has lugs or deformations rolled on the surface

to provide anchorage to concrete.

Welded Wire Fabric

A reinforcing material (to concrete)

Consist of parallel, longitudinal wires welded

to transverse.

Steel Wire

uses in construction includes pins,

nails, bolts, cables, and fences.

Bolts

Bolts

Steel Strapping

Made from high tensile flat wire in a number of

sizes.

Used for banding column forms to keep them

from bulging under pressure of freshly poured

concrete.

Open Web Steel Joists

Lightweight warren-type

trusses.

Sheet Steel

black and galvanized, can be used to

manufacture corrugated roofing and siding and

formed steel decking.

Corrugated Sheets for roofing

Have one side turned up, one side turned

down.

Comes in 27 1⁄2” wide and lengths up to 5

feet up to 12 feet.

Corrugated sheets for siding

Both edges of the sheet are turned in one

direction

Corrugated sheets for decking.

Has two types of section which are the

open faced and cellular.

Aluminum

Soft, non-magnetic, ductile, and malleable

silvery white metal with thermal and electrical

conductivity.

It is the most abundant metal in the

Earth’s crust, and the third most abundant

element therein, after oxygen, and silicon.

Aluminum

Common uses:

- as structural framing like the high strength

aluminum alloys

- secondary building elements such as

windows, doors, roofing, flashing, trim, and

hardware

Copper

Ductile, malleable, and bright reddish-brown

color with high thermal and electrical

conductivity.

Possess a “patina” weather reactive surface

layer of insoluble green salt which retards

corrosion and used to alloy bronze and brass to

increase strength and corrosion resistance.

Copper

Common uses: electrical wiring, piping,

flashing, and roofing material.

Maintenance: Care must be taken in fastening,

attaching, or supporting only by selected brass

fittings.

Brass

an alloy of copper and zinc which has

muted yellow color, somewhat similar to gold.

It is relatively resistant to tarnishing.

Brass

Common uses: decoration, coins, in antiquity,

and polished brass which often used as mirror.

Lead

It is a soft, malleable poor metal, also

considered to be one of the heavy metals.

It has a bluish white color when freshly cut,

but tarnishes to a dull grayish color when it is

exposed to air and is a shiny chrome silver

when melted into a liquid.

Very easy to work, enabling it to be fitted over

uneven surfaces.

Lead

Common uses: roofing, flashing, and spandrel

wall panels.

Tungsten Carbide, WC, or Tungsten Semi-carbide,

W2C -

a chemical compound containing tungsten

and carbon, similar to titanium carbide.

Soldering

It is a process in which two or more metal items

are joined together by melting and flowing a

filler metal into the joint, the filler metal having a

relatively low melting point. (below 840 degrees

F)

Soldering

It is distinguished from brazing by use of a lower

melting-temperature filler metal.

It is distinguished from welding by the base

metals not being melted during the joining

process.

Annealing

In the case of copper, steel, and brass, this

process is performed by substantially heating

the material (until glowing) for a while and

allowing it to cool slowly. The metal is softened

and prepared for further work such as shaping,

stamping, or forming.

Brazing

It is a joining process whereby a filler metal or

alloy is heated to melting temperature above

450 degrees C (842 degrees F), or, by the

traditional definition that has been used in the

United States, above 800 degrees F (425

degrees C) and distributed between two or

more close-fitting parts by capillary action.

Welding

It is a fabrication process that joins materials,

usually metals, or thermoplastics by causing

coalescence.

This is often done by melting the work pieces

and adding a filler material to form a pool of

molten material (the weld puddle) that cools to

become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes

used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to

produce the weld.

Rivet

It is a mechanical fastener which before it is

installed it consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft

with a head on one end. The end opposite the

head is called the buck tail.

Blind rivets

also known as pop rivets

the rivet assembly is inserted into a hole

drilled through the parts to be joined and a

specially designed tool used to draw the

mandrel into the rivet.

Corrosion

causes removal of metal, thus

weakening and potential failure of construction

element.

Alcad

is a trademark of Alcoa used as a generic

term to describe corrosion resistant aluminum

sheet formed from high purity aluminum surface

layers metallurgically bonded to high strength

aluminum alloy core material. These sheets

commonly used by the aircraft industry.

Sherardising

is a method of galvanizing also

called vapor galvanizing. A layer of zinc is applied

to the metal target object by heating the object in

an airtight container with zinc powder. The

temperature that the container reaches does not

exceed the melting point of zinc. Another method of

sherardisation is to expose the intended objects to

vapor from molten zinc using a reducing gas to

prevent oxidation.

Steel

most widely used reinforcing material for

almost all types of concrete construction. It is an

excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension

and compression stresses.