Chapter 3 section 2

when a pathogen goes thorugh in response the bedy begins its …. Line of defense a respionse aimed …. At the pathogen

third line of defense, specifically

the immune system is made up of several …. And several …. And several types of …… ….. ….

tissues organs , wbc

function?this system fights …. And also helps to stop the growth and spread of ……

the immune system the cells and tissues that recognize and attack ferigns substances in the body , pathogens, cancers

Lymph nodes are with which two systems?

Bone marrow is with which two systems?

lymphatuc/circulatory and immune

Skeletal and imune

if we see the word lymphocytes that means which defence is it?

specific

which organs/ tissues does the immune system contain off?

bone marrow thymus lymphnodes spleen tonsiles and adenois

which two are the tissues?

bone marrow/ adenoids

spleen is the largest ….. organ in the body

lymphatic

so spleen is apart of which two systems?

immune and lympthatic systems

the wbc of the immune system are called?

Lymphocytes

lymphocyte a type of wbc that exist in two primary forms so two types which are?

b cell and t cells

the dark blue one is the …. Celll are made in the …. …. And complete their development ….. or in the …..

B, bone marrow ,there, spleen

the light green one is the …. Cell are made in the ….. …. But complete their development only after travelling to the …….

T cell, bone marrow, thymus

how many thymuses do we have?

we have two of them,

which bone marrow are they amde in?

red bone marrow

simmilarities of both of them is that both made in the … …. Both are .,.,. Both are …… and both have a rule in ….. …..

bone marrow, w,b,c lymphocytes, specific defense

bone marrow is located? Its function?

the soft material found inside long bones such as the femur , makes billions of new lymphocytes needed by the body every day

thymus glands are located? Its function?

gland located above the heart, helps produce a special kind of lymphocyte

lymph nodes are located? along with? They contain? Function?

Throughour the body along the vessels of the lymphatic ssytem contain lymphocytes

Lymphjnodes collect pathogens from the lymphj and expose them to lymphocytes

the spleen functions

Stores …. …. ….

Breaks down ….. …. …. ….

Helps to …… lymphocytes and other types of wbc also helps ….. special type of lymphocytes such as lymphocyte type B

The spleen also collects … from the bl;ood and the …… in the spleen attack these trapped pathogens

healthy blood cells

Aging red blood cells

Make, develop

Pathogens, lymphocytes

does spleen store wbc and platelets?

yes it does

spleen both …. Wbc and also ….. wbc

makes, develops

spleen is located in which cavity?

abdominal cavity

recognizing pathogens

Lymphocytes can provide specific defenses because they ….. foreign invaders

recognize

an …. Is any substance that the immune system does not …. As a part of the body

antigen, recognize

antigen is a susbaycen taht stimulates a?

immune response

a wide variety of substances can be antigens including?

pathogens parts fi pathogens bacterial toxins insect venom pollen transplante dtissue and transfused blood of an iincompatible type can act as a antigen

bacetrial …. And …. Venom

toxins, insect

when lymphocytes recognize an antigen they bind to the antigen to start a specific response so the reaction of the body against the anti gen is known as?

immune response

how do lymphocytes indetify antigens

Its cuz lymphocytes have …… …. All over the surface of its cell membrane these creceptor protiens …. And …. To antigens that match their …. Shape

protien recepotors, recognize, bind , 3d

but the surface of pathogens can be covered with …. …. … of ….. each of which can functiuon as an antigen cause lymphocyte to react

many diffrent kinds of molescules

all of the receptors on an individual lymphocyte are the ….. shape and thus bind to the same type of …..

same, antigen

soo lymphocytes have …. …. While bacteria have ……. And lymphocytes have ….. type of protien receptor on each of them but bacteria have ….. types of antigens on each of them

protien receptors, antigens, 1 , many

does an antigen have to have a protien?

Nope

each lymphocyte has diffrent shaped ….. ….. on them

protien receptors

But one lymphocyte has the ….. protien receptor

same

if a lymphocyte doesnt meet its complementary antigen then it wont trigger?

an immune response

The lymphocyte present in the picture is?

b cell

why can the body defend it self from an enormous number of difrent pathogens?

cuz the immune system system makes billions of diffrent kinds of lymphocytes and each lymphocyte caries unique receptors

Another name for protien receptors?

antigen receptors

the specificity o fthe immune response is due to the specificity of the …… …. On the lymphocytes for example whena cold virsu enter sthe body only the lymphocytes with the ….. receptors respond while others that bind to flu …. Respond

antigen receptors, , same ,dont

the specificity of the immune respponse is due to the specificity of the …… …..

antigen receptors

immune responsethe … of the body against an antigen

reaction

an immune respoonse is a …. Part assult on pathogen

two

what are those two responses?

Cell mediated immune response and humorall immone response

when do they ocure? And used a specialized lymphopcyte called?

at the same time, helper T cell

step 1 2 3 consists of which part? 4 and 5? 6 7 8 9?

immune response, cell mediated,humoral

so how many steps do we have?

we have 9 of them

types of lymphocytes are?

t cells and b cells

t cells consisst of?

helper t cells cytotoxic t cells and suppressor t cells

all three t cells are specialized in?

thymus

b cells consist of ?

memory cells and plasma cells

The first step of the immuen response

The ….. enguls a pathogen then it displays fragments of the pathogens ……. On the surface of its own ….. …..

macrophage, antigens, cell membrane

the second step o immune response

Whne the macrophage binds to a ….. . ….. with a receptor mathing this …… the. …… releases a ….. called ……..

helper t cell, antigen, macrophage, cytokine, interleuken 1

in the third step the release of interleukin-1 by the macrophage activates more …… . …. Which then release a second ….. called …….

helper t cells, cytokine, interleuken

so what releases whinterleukin one?two?

macro phage, helper t cells

cytokines are …. Such as …… …… that can affect the behaviour of other ….. …..

protiens, interleukin 1 and 2 , immune cells

when does the macroiphage release interleukin 1?

when help t cells protiens bind to its antigen

when are t cells activated? By what?

in step 3, interleukin 2

when is interleukin present?

only when attacked

starting from setp 4-5 its called the …-,,,, immune response

cell mediated

more than … type of t cell carries out the cell mediated immune response

one

in step 4

Interleukin 2 stimulates the furthur reproduction of …. .. … the increase in helper t cells produces an increase in …….. which allows t cells to …… …..

helper t cells, interleukin 2, divide evern faster

interleukin 1 does what to t cells and what deos interleukin 2 do to t cells?

interleukin 1 actiovates t cells, while interleukin 2 produces more t cells

interleukin 2 is also responsible for the ….. and ……of cytotocic t cells

activation, and production

cytotoxic …. And …. Cells that have been infected by the pathogen invaded cells are recogbnizale because? cytotoxic t cekks ……. have recptors hat match the?

recognize and destroy , theyusually have some of the pathogens antigens on their surafce , produced, antigen

Cytotoxic t cells are sometimes called?

killer t cells

cytotoxic t cells usually kill …. … by making a …. In the …. … of their target

infected cells, hole, cell membrane

cytotocxic can kill?

infected cells cancer cells attacjk parasites and foreign tissues

what can kill infected cells

cytotocix natural killer cells and compleemntary system

infeceted cells AND cancer cells?

natural kiler cells and cytotoxic cells

one otehr type of t cell that plays a part in cell mediated immunity is?

They are thought to do?

suppresor t cells , shut down the immune response

suppresor t cells stop till which part?

til cytotocic t cells kill the infected baby bois

steps 6 7 8 9 are …. …. Responser

humoral immune

It involes the action of .. cells and it happens the same time as ….. …… response

b cells, cell mediated

like the cell midiated response teh humoral is also triggered when macrophage enguls pathogens stimulating .. cells

t cells

Step 6

the release of interleukin 2 …. Be cells that have ,….. that are complementary to the ….. to divide and change into …. …. And …. ….

stimulate, receptors, antigens, memory cells and plasma cells

Step 7

Some b cells becoe memory cells which pla a role in sstoring …. About the pathogen

information

step 8

Most be cells form ….. cells, plasma cells are a type of ….. … …. That are highly specialized cells that make defebnsive ….. called ….. that are released into tghe …… a palsma cell can make up to ……. Antibodies molecules per a second

plasma, w b c protiens, antibodies, blood,

in step 9 an antibodies binds to a specific antigen or ….. or …… toxins

inactivates, destroys toxins

in step 6 the b cells becasue of the interleukin 2 begin to?

Multiply

All that interleukin 1 and 2 does?

first activates more t cells and iinterleukin 2 causes them to multiply that they produce

Interleukin two causes cytotopxic to activate and multiply

Interleukin 2 stimulates b cells to divide and change into memory cells and plasma cells

what do the antibodies do?

they inactivate or destroy pathogeens and also mark them for destruction

when is it the primary immune response and consists of how many steps?

when the pathogen is the first time its introduce ddits all 9 steps

when is it secondary and which steps are started from?

when its the second time the pathogen has come ,so it wil start from step 7/6 cuz they happen at the same time

antibodi are defensive ….. released by … … and transfer into the blood and binds to a pathogens …. And ….. , antibodies are a .. shaped molecules, the two arms of each y are ….. and each arm has a ….. that can atatch to a specific antigen

protiens, plasma cells, antigen, toxins, identical, receptor,

antibodies do not destroy pathogens …… instead it either …. The pathogen( yes it also inactivates pathogens) or cause its destruction by the …….. defenses

directly , inactivates, nonspecific

for example

By attaching to the surafce protiens of a virus antibodeis prevent the virus from …. .. …. Therby blocking …. ……

entering a cell, its reproduction

antibodies also cause pathognes to … … which helps …. To enguls to epathogens

clump together, macrophages

Antigen-antibody bidnding also activates the …. ….. the compklement protiens can create holes in the mmebranes of pathogens cells causing them ot burst

complementary system

compleemntary kills in …. Defense

specific

do we countt them as a point in specific tho am taliking about macrophages and complementary system?

nope

cell mediated immune response require which cells?

helper t cells cytotoxic tc ells and suppresor t cells

humoral immune response require erequire?

helper t cells b cells memory cells plasma cells and anitbodies

The antibodies receptors are on?

its y hands

memory cells are lymphocytes thajt will not respond the first time they attack but will recognize and attack that antigen or invading cell during later infections and it will start the immune procces from step?

7 not 6 liek i earlier mentioned

is it the memory b cekll it self attacking or it changed itself into anotehr type?

it changes it sself to plasma cells

memoryc ells ar ethe bodies … … protection against ….. by a pathogen

long term protection

when does memory cell divide rapidly?

in the second time