Biology - Plant Anatomy and Transport Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive flashcards covering plant anatomy (shoot/root apex, cell types, stem and leaf structures) and water transport mechanisms based on the provided Biology marking scheme.

How are the shoot apex and root apex protected respectively?

The shoot apex is protected by leaf primordia, while the root apex is protected by a root cap.

How does the production of new cells differ between the shoot apical meristem and the root apical meristem?

The shoot apical meristem produces new cells in only one direction, whereas the root apical meristem produces new cells in two directions.

Which structures are present in the shoot apex but absent in the root apex?

Leaf primordia and axillary bud meristems.

What are the common types of cells and regions found in plant ground tissue?

Parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, cortex, and pith.

What are the primary functions of parenchyma cells?

Storage, photosynthesis, support, and short-distance transport of materials.

What are the characteristics of collenchyma cell walls?

They have primary cell walls that are thicker than those of parenchyma and are unevenly thickened with cellulose.

What are the characteristics of sclereids (stone cells)?

They are shorter and thicker than fibers, have irregular shapes, and possess very thick, lignified secondary walls.

How do vessel elements differ from tracheids?

Vessel elements are shorter and wider than tracheids, have thinner walls, and possess lignified secondary cell walls.

How is the ground tissue differentiated in dicot vs. monocot stems?

In dicot stems, the ground tissue is differentiated into cortex and pith; in monocot stems, it is not differentiated.

Compare the arrangement of vascular bundles in dicot and monocot stems.

In dicot stems, vascular bundles are arranged in a ring, while in monocot stems, they are scattered throughout the ground tissue.

What is the structural difference in the protection of vascular bundles between dicots and monocots?

Dicot stems have a sclerenchyma cell group outside the vascular bundle, whereas every vascular bundle in a monocot stem is surrounded by a sclerenchyma bundle sheath.

Is cambium tissue present in monocot stems?

No, cambium tissue is present between xylem and phloem in dicot stems, but it is absent in monocot stems.

What tissues constitute 'bark'?

Bark includes all tissues outside the vascular cambium, primarily the secondary phloem and the periderm.

Compare stomata distribution in dicot and monocot leaves.

In dicot leaves, stomata are more abundant on the lower epidermis than the upper; in monocot leaves, stomata are present on both the upper and lower epidermis.

How does mesophyll differentiation differ between dicot and monocot leaves?

Dicot leaves have mesophyll differentiated into palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma layers; monocot leaf mesophyll is not differentiated.

Compare the venation (vein patterns) in dicot and monocot leaves.

Dicot leaves have a reticulate (net-like) venation, while monocot leaves have parallel venation.

What are the three pathways for water transport through plant tissues?

The apoplast pathway, symplast pathway, and transmembrane pathway.

What are the outcomes of water absorption during seed germination?

Enzyme activation, mobilization of food reserves (nutrients), rapid embryo growth, and the emergence of the radicle through the seed coat.

What are two critical functions of the endodermis in roots?

1. Preventing unwanted and toxic substances from entering the vascular tissue. 2. Preventing substances accumulated in the xylem from leaking back into the soil solution.

What are the specific labels for the root transport diagram components 1 through 5?

1: Apoplast pathway, 2: Symplast pathway, 3: Transmembrane pathway, 4: Endodermis, 5: Xylem vessels.