seedless vascular plants

until vascular tissue evolved…

all land plants were short, ground cover plants

when do the oldest seedless vascular plants fossil?

425 MYA

what are example of SVPs?

ferns and club moss

what are branched sporophytes independent of?

gametophyte for nutrition

what is the dominant form of the life cycle in SVPs?

diploid sporophyte dominant

what do SVPs have that NVPs don’t?

transport through a xylem and phloem which is a vascular system

xylem

made of lignified cells specialized to move water and minerals

phloem

cells specialized to move sugars, amino acids, and other organic products

what true evolution occurred is SVPs ?

evolution of true roots and true leaves

microphyll leaves

small, spine shaped leaves supported by a single stab of vascular tissue; unbranched vascular tissue

what’s an example of a lycophyte with microphylls?

spike moss

what are the only SVP that have microphylls?

lycophytes

what do almost all other SVPs have?

megaphylls

megaphyll leaves

leaves with a highly branched vascular system

what is an example of a SVP that has megaphylls?

tunbridge filmy fern

what’s an advantage of megaphylls?

they have greater photosynthetic productivity

sporophyll

leave that do photosynthesis that were modified to bear sporangia

fern sporophyll

normal leaves that have sori

sori

generate spores on underside of fern leaves

lycophyte sporophyll

cone-like structure called strobilus

strobilus

cone-like structure containing sporangia

what are the types of spore production?

homosporous and heterosporous

how is sperm production for most SVPs?

homosporous

explain homosporous spore production

sporangium on sporophyll produce one type of spore that is a bisexual gametophyte including eggs and sperm

how is sperm production for all seed plants and few SVPs ?

heterosporous

explain heterosporous spore production for megasporangium

megasporangium on the megasporophyll produce megaspores that form the female gametophyte including eggs

explain heterosporous spore production for microporangium

microsporangium on the microsporophyll produce micropores that form the male gametophyte including sperm

what are the first type of SVPs?

lycophytes

what are the 3 lycophytes?

spike moss, quilwort, and club moss

out of the 3 lycophytes which is homosporous?

club moss

out of the 3 lycophytes which are heterosporous?

spike moss and quilworts

what’s the current species that are all small tropical and temperate of lycophytes?

1200

what are the second type of SVPs?

pterophytes

what are the 3 pterophytes?

horestails, whisk ferns, and ferns

what branching do whisk ferns have?

dichotomous branching

do whisk ferns have true leaves or roots?

no

are whisk ferns heterosporous or homosporous ?

homosporous

where does photosynthesis occur in whisk ferns?

the stem

how are the stems of horsetails?

jointed with tiny leaves

what sporophyll do horestails have?

strobili

are horsetails homosporous or heterosporous?

homosporous

where does photosynthesis occur in horsetails?

the stem

what are the most widespread and diverse monilophytes?

ferns

are ferns homosporous or heterosporous?

homosporous

do ferns have megaphyll leaves or microphyll leaves?

large megaphylls

how do large megaphylls develop on ferns?

frond develops as the fiddlehead unfolds

what’s on the underside of sporophyll of fern?

sori

where do ferns live?

many in understory or as epiphytes

epiphyte

grows on the surface of a plant; not parasites

what is the importance of seedless plants?

mosses biologically indicate environmental pollution, ferns are used as food & form topsoil, peat moss is a soil conditioner & used as fuel , and extinct SVPs were an energy source