The Scientific Revolution (5)

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64 Terms

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Scientific Revolution

A period in history characterized by the emergence of modern science and new ways of understanding the natural world.

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Ptolemaic Geocentric Model

An Earth-centered cosmological model where the Earth is at the center of the universe, as proposed by Ptolemy.

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Aristotelian Physics

The set of natural philosophy ideas proposed by Aristotle that dominated medieval education, focusing on motion, causality, and the nature of the universe.

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Medieval Universities

Institutions of higher learning in medieval Europe that emerged after the fall of the Roman Empire, often linked to the Church.

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Eternity of the World

The forbidden proposition that the universe has no beginning or end, conflicting with Christian doctrine.

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Limitations on Divine Power

The idea that God cannot create a vacuum or void in nature, which was argued by Aristotle.

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Natural Causation Without Divine Influence

The belief that celestial bodies move according to natural laws without divine intervention, opposed by the Church.

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Soul and Human Nature

The proposition that all humans share a single intellect rather than having individual souls, contradicting Christian beliefs.

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Philosophy vs. Theology

The debate over whether philosophy or theology should take precedence in understanding truth.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

A Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe.

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Hesitant Revolutionary

Refers to Copernicus's cautious approach towards publishing his heliocentric theory.

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Epicycles

Small circles whose centers move around the circumference of larger circles, used by Ptolemy for explaining planetary motion.

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Supernova

An explosion of a star that results in a bright object, indicating that celestial bodies can change.

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Johannes Kepler

A German astronomer and mathematician known for formulating the laws of planetary motion.

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Kepler's First Law

Describes that planets orbit in ellipses with the Sun at one focus.

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Kepler's Second Law

States that a line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.

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Kepler's Third Law

States that the square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

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Astronomical Unit (AU)

The average distance from the Earth to the Sun, approximately 1.496 × 10^8 kilometers.

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Parallax

The apparent displacement of an object due to a change in the observer's point of view.

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Stellar Parallax

The apparent shift in a star’s position due to the Earth's annual orbit around the Sun.

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Parsec (pc)

A unit of distance equal to approximately 3.26 light-years, defined as the distance at which one astronomical unit subtends an angle of one arcsecond.

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Lunar Parallax Method

A method used by Aristarchus to estimate the Earth-Sun distance based on the Moon-Sun angle.

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Tychonic System

Tycho Brahe's model which combines elements of geocentrism and heliocentrism, placing Earth at the center.

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Supernova 1572

A notable astronomical event observed by Tycho Brahe evidencing that celestial bodies can change.

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Eccentricity

A measure of how much an ellipse deviates from being circular, defined as the ratio of the distance from the center to a focus to the length of the semi-major axis.

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Foci (Plural of Focus)

The two fixed points inside an ellipse from which the distances to any point on the ellipse are summed.

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Semi-Major Axis

The longest radius of an ellipse, extending from the center to the furthest edge.

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Semi-Minor Axis

The shortest radius of an ellipse, perpendicular to the semi-major axis.

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Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

A set of three laws describing the motion of planets in elliptical orbits around the Sun.

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Retrograde Motion

The apparent backward motion of a planet as observed from Earth.

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Natural Philosophy

The philosophical study of nature and the physical universe, particularly relevant in the context of the Scientific Revolution.

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Catholic Church

The dominant religious institution in medieval Europe that played a significant role in education and scholarship.

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Gutenberg's Printing Revolution

The major technological advance involving the printing press that facilitated the spread of scientific texts.

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Aristotle's Works

The collection of texts by Aristotle that became central to medieval education and subsequently faced challenges by emerging scientific thought.

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Authority

The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience; a key concept examined in the context of university and church influence.

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Intellectual Freedom

The ability to think, explore, and express ideas without censorship or restrictions; often limited by religious authority in medieval Europe.

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Astronomical Observations

The systematic study and recording of celestial objects to understand astronomical phenomena.

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Calculating Distances in Astronomy

Methods and mathematical techniques used to estimate distances in space, including parallax and using standard units like the AU.

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Ecliptic

The apparent path of the Sun across the sky, which forms the basis for understanding the movements of celestial bodies.

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Gravity

A natural phenomenon where two bodies exert an attractive force on each other, critical for understanding celestial mechanics.

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Natural Laws

The principles that govern the behavior of the physical universe, as formulated by scientists like Newton and Kepler.

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Empirical Evidence

Data and observations collected through experimentation and observation, foundational to the scientific method.

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Theocratic Science

Scientific inquiry constrained by religious beliefs and interpretations, particularly in medieval contexts.

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Cosmological Models

Frameworks used to explain the structure and origin of the universe, evolving from geocentric to heliocentric views during the Scientific Revolution.

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Aristarchus

An ancient Greek astronomer who proposed an early heliocentric model and used parallax to study celestial distances.

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Ptolemy

A Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, and geographer who developed the geocentric model of the universe.

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Tycho Brahe

A Danish astronomer whose detailed observations paved the way for future astronomers, including Kepler.

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Alhazen

An influential Islamic scholar in optics whose work contributed to the understanding of light and vision.

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Avicenna

A Persian polymath whose writings in various disciplines, including philosophy and medicine, were pivotal during the Islamic Golden Age.

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Al-Khwarizmi

An Islamic mathematician known for his work in algebra and the introduction of Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe.

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Medieval Scholars

Individuals who contributed to the preservation and expansion of knowledge during the Middle Ages, often within religious institutions.

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Causal Laws

Principles that define the relationships between causes and effects in natural phenomena.

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Mathematics in Astronomy

The application of mathematical principles to understand celestial phenomena and develop models of the universe.

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Philosophical Inquiry

The pursuit of knowledge through questioning and reasoned argumentation, crucial for the development of scientific thought.

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Celestial Mechanics

The branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects, as guided by gravitational forces.

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Circle

A round plane figure whose boundary consists of points equidistant from a fixed center; fundamental in understanding orbits.

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Scientific Texts

Writings that convey scientific knowledge, ideas, and methodologies, especially significant in the context of the printing revolution.

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Alchemy

A philosophical and protoscientific tradition aiming to transform matter, particularly through the pursuit of converting base metals into gold.

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Astrology

A belief system suggesting a relationship between the positions of celestial objects and events on Earth.

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Personal Salvations

Concepts related to individual spiritual redemption, particularly in contrast to philosophical ideas about the soul and intellect.

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Renaissance Polymath

A person of wide-ranging knowledge and expertise across multiple fields, including art, science, and humanities during the Renaissance.

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Celestial Bodies

Natural bodies in space, such as stars, planets, moons, and asteroids.

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Uniform Circular Motion

The motion of an object traveling at a constant speed in a circular path, a key belief in early astronomical models.

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Astronomical Observations

The act of observing celestial events or bodies to gather data about the universe.