FINAL REVIEW PROJECTIONS

AP Axial Towne Skull

30 Degree Caudal to OML 37 to IOML

CR 2 ½ inches above Glabella

Demonstrates Dorsum Sellae within Foramen Magnum

Lateral Skull

True Lateral; CR 2 inches superior to EAM

Demonstrates Sella Turcica

SMV Skull

Submentovertex view; CR perpendicular to IOML, enters at the level of the gonion.

Demonstrates Mandibular Mentum anterior to Ethmoid Sinuses

PA 0 Degrees Skull

OML perpendicular to IR; CR exit Glabella

Demonstrates Petrous Ridges within the Orbit

PA Axial Caldwell

CR 15 degrees Caudal; OML perpendicular to IR

CR to exit Nasion

Demonstrates Petrous Pyramids into lower 1/3 of orbit

PA 25-30

CR angle 25 to 30 caudal

CR to exit Nasion; OML perpendicular to IR

Demonstrates Petrous Pyramids just below Infraorbital Margin; allows visualization of Superior Orbital Fissures and Foramen Rotundum

Lateral Facial Bones

CR ½ inch inferior to Nasion; IPL perpendicular to IR

Demonstrates Nasal Bone and soft tissue structure

Parietoacanthial (Waters Method)

CR exits acanthion; OML creates 37 degree angle

Demonstrates Petrous Ridges inferior to Maxillary Sinus and Maxillary area sufficiently visualized

Superoinferior Tangential Axial Projection

CR perpendicular to IR; IR perpendicular to GAL; CR centered to Nasion from superior aspect of head

Demonstrates Nasal Bones and surrounding soft tissue

Lateral Sinus

CR to midway between Outer Cantus and EAM; True Lateral

Demonstrates all 4 sinuses

PA Caldwell Sinus

CR to exit Nasion; OML forms 15 degree angle

Demonstrates Frontal and Ethmoid Sinuses; Petrous Ridges projected into lower 1/3 of Orbits

Parietoacanthial (Waters Method)

CR centered to acanthion; OML forms 37 degree angle

Demonstrates Maxillary Sinuses

OPEN MOUTH demonstrates Sphenoid Sinus through open mouth

Orbits Modified Waters

OML forms 55 degree angle to IR; CR exits Acanthion

Demonstrates less distorted view of orbital rims

*ideal projection to demonstrate possible orbital fractures especially of lower orbital margin and foreign bodies in the eye

Lateral Orbits

IPL perpendicular to IR; CR enters bony lateral margin of outer canthus

Demonstrates Orbital Area

PA Caldwell Orbits

CR 30 degrees Caudal; Exits Center of Orbit

Demonstrates Petrous Ridges below Inferior Orbital Ribs; located within Maxillary Sinuses

Rhese Method (Orbits)

AML perpendicular to IR; rotate head 37 degrees; MSP 53 degrees

Chin, Cheek, and Nose touching IR

CR 1 inch superior and posterior to TEAM

Demonstrates Optic Foramen *C opens left indicates Left Rhese vice versa*

Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

CR exits Ramus; 3 Methods to achieve CR

CR 25 degree Cephalic with head in true lateral

Combination of head tilt and CR angle not exceed 25

Perpendicular CR with a 25 degree head tilt toward IR

True Lateral demonstrates Ramus; 30 degrees toward IR demonstrates Body; 45 degrees toward IR demonstrates Mentum; 10-15 degrees provides a general survey of Mandible

PA Axial Mandible

CR 20-25 Cephalic; OML perpendicular to IR

CR exit Acanthion

Demonstrates Proximal Rami and Elongated View on Condyloid Process

PA Mandible

OML perpendicular to IR; CR exit junction of lips

Demonstrates Rami and Lateral border of body

AP Axial Towne Method Mandible

CR 35 to 42 Caudal; OML perpendicular 35 degrees, IOML perpendicular 42; CR 1 inch above Glabella

Demonstrates condyloid process symmetrical

Axiolateral Oblique TMJ (Law)

CR 15 degrees caudal; Rotate head 15 degrees toward IR; CR centered 1 ½ above EAM

Demonstrates unobstructed view of TMJ

Axiolateral TMJ (Schuller)

CR angle 25 to 30 Caudal; CR centered to 1 ½ inch above EAM and ½ inch anterior

Demonstrates visualization of condyles and articular fossa

Ap Axial Modified Towne TMJ

CR angled 35 to OML; 42 to IOML; CR 3 inches superior to Nasion

Demonstrates Condyloid Process and TM Fossa