Integrative & Clinical Connections

Warburg Affect

A phenomenon in cancer cells characterized by increased glucose uptake and lactate production, even in the presence of oxygen, used as a primary energy source.

• Pet scans can be used using fluorodeoxyglucose to detect glucose uptake by cells

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Reactive molecules that can damage cellular components, impacting cell signaling and contributing to disease.

• electrons from the ETC leak and form superoxide radical

• This is dismutated to hydrogen peroxide and that reacts with Lenten to make hydroxyl radical

Enzymatic defenses to ROS

include enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase that neutralize harmful reactive oxygen species

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

• inability to convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

• Pyruvate accumulates and is made into lactate which causes lactic acidosis

• Symptoms: neurological impairment, muscle weakness

Thiamine deficiency

interferes with carbohydrate metabolism, leading to symptoms such as beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

• lack of vitamin B which prevents TPP formation

• Symtoms: cardiac failure, memory loss, ataxia

Ischemia

reduced blood flow to tissues, leading to tissue damage and oxygen deprivation.