ECEA Final Exam Ch.3

Engineering Design Process

1. Recognizing the need for a product or a service
2. Problem definition and understanding
3. Research and preparation
4. Conceptualization
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation
7. Optimization
8. Presentation

Sustainability in Design

Design and development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Sustainability in Design

 Engineers contribute to both private and public sectors of our society
 In private sector, they design and produce the goods and services that we use in our daily
lives to allow us to enjoy a high standard of living
 In public sector, they support local, state, and federal mission such as meeting our infrastructure needs, energy and food security, and national defense

ASCE Initialism

American Society of Civil Engineers

Sustainability in Design

 Potential shortage of engineers with training in sustainability
 ASCE, ASEE, ASME, and IEEE have come out in support of sustainability education in engineering curricula
 Civil engineers play an increasingly important role in addressing the climate change and
sustainability issues that are being discussed nationally and internationally among policy makers and politicians

ASCE Actions on Sustainability

 ASCE Board of Direction adopted sustainability as the 4th ASCE priorities (November 4, 2008)
Other three:
 Renewing the nation’s infrastructure
 Raising the bar on civil engineering education
 Addressing the role of the civil engineers in today’s changing professional environment

Five Issues Must be Understood by Engineers on Sustainability

1. The world’s current economic development is not sustainable – the world population already uses approximately 20% more of the world’s resources than the planet can sustain

Five Issues Must be Understood by Engineers on Sustainability

2. The effects of outpacing the earth’s carrying capacity have now reached crisis proportions – spiking energy costs, extreme weather events causing huge losses, and prospect of rising sea levels threatening coastal cities. Global population increase outstrips the capacity of institutions to address it

Five Issues Must be Understood by Engineers on Sustainability

3. An enormous amount of work will be required if the world is to shift to sustainable development – a complete overhaul of the world’s processes, systems, and infrastructure will be needed

Five Issues Must be Understood by Engineers on Sustainability

4. The engineering community should be leading the way toward sustainable development but has not yet assumed that responsibility. Civil engineers have few incentives to change Most civil engineers deliver conventional engineering designs that meet building codes and protect the status quo

Five Issues Must be Understood by Engineers on Sustainability

5. People outside the engineering community are capitalizing on new opportunity – for example, accounting firms and architects

LEED Acronym

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

GEOSS Acronym

Global Earth Observation System of Systems

IEEE Actions on Sustainability

 In January 2009, the Sustainability Ad Hoc Committee was formed to map and coordinate
sustainability-related issues across IEEE
 Created a worldwide Earth-monitoring network, the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS)
 Collect data from thousands of sensors, gages, buoys, and weather stations across the globe
 Goal – to help foster sustainable development

Key sustainability concepts

 Earth’s finite resources and environmental issues
 Socioeconomic issues related to sustainability
 Ethical aspects of sustainability
 Sustainable development

Key sustainability methods

 Life-cycle based analysis
 Resource and waste management (material,
energy)
 Environmental impact analysis

Key sustainability tools

 Life-cycle assessment
 Environmental assessment
 Use of sustainable-development indicators
 USGBC LEED rating system

USGBC Initialism

U.S. Green Building Council

USGBC LEED Rating System

internationally recognized green building certification system, providing third-party verification that a building or community was designed and built using strategies aimed at improving performance across all the metrics that matter most

Engineering Economics

 Products that are too expensive cannot be sold at a price that consumers can afford
and still be profitable to the company
 Products must be designed to provide services not only to make our lives better
but also to make profits for the manufacturer

Material Selection

The selection of material is an important design decision. Some examples include, density, ultimate strength, flexibility, machinability, etc.

Material Properties

Many factors
 How the material was processed
 Its age
 Its exact chemical composition
 Any nonhomogenity or defect within the material
 Change with temperature and time as the material ages

Electrical Resistivity

 A measure of resistance of material to flow of electricity
 Plastics and ceramics typically have high resistivity
 Metal typically has low resistivity
 Silver and copper are some of the best conductors of electricity

Density

 Mass per unit volume
 A measure of how compact the material is for a given volume

Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus)

 A measure of how easily a material will stretch when pulled
 A measure of how well material will shorten when pushed
 The larger the value of the modulus of elasticity is, the larger the required force would be to stretch or shorten the material

Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus)

 A measure of how easily a material can be twisted or sheared
 The value of shear modulus shows the resistance of a given material to shear deformation

Tensile Strength

 The maximum tensile load a material specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar
or cylinder can carry without failure
 Tensile strength or ultimate strength is expressed as the maximum tensile force
per unit cross-sectional area of the specimen

Compressive Strength

• The maximum compressive load a material specimen in the shape of a rectangular bar,
cylinder, or cube can carry without failure
• The ultimate compressive strength of a material is expressed as the maximum compressive
force per unit cross-sectional area of the specimen

Modulus of Resilience

A mechanical property that shows how effective the material is in absorbing mechanical energy without going through any permanent damage

Modulus of Toughness

A mechanical property that indicates the ability of the material to handle overloading before it fractures

Strength-to-Weight Ratio

• The ratio of strength of the material to its specific weight
• Either the yield or the ultimate strength of the material can be used to determine the ratio

Thermal Expansion

• The change in the length of a material that would occur if the temperature of the material
were changed
• Important material property to consider when designing products and structures that are
expected to experience a relatively large temperature swing during their service lives

Thermal Conductivity

How good a material is in transferring thermal energy (heat) from a high temperature region to a low temperature region within the material

Heat Capacity

• The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg mass of material
by 1°C, or 1 lb mass of material by 1°F

Viscosity

• Fluid property that measures how easily a given fluid can flow

Vapor Pressure

• Under the same conditions, fluids with low values will not evaporate as quickly as those with high values of it 

Bulk Modulus of Compressibility

• A measurement of how compressible a fluid is
• Represents how easily one can reduce the volume of fluid when the fluid pressure is
increased

Patent

 The right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling the
invention in U.S. or importing the invention into U.S.
 Does not grant the inventor the right to make, use, or sell the invention, it prevent
others from doing so

Design patent

 Protects the way an item looks
 Good for 14 years from the time it was granted

Utility patent

 Protects for the way an item works
 Good for either 17 years from the time it was granted or 20 years from the earliest filing date

Trademark

 name, word, or symbol that a company uses to distinguish its products from others
 Excludes others from using the same or similar mark
 Does not prevent others from making the same or similar products

Service Mark

 name, word, or symbol that a company uses to distinguish its services from others
 Excludes others from using the same or similar mark
 Does not prevent others from providing the same or similar services

Copyright

 A form of protection provided by the laws of the U.S. to the authors of “original works of
authorship”
 Covers literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and other types of intellectual works
 Covers both published and unpublished work
 Protects form of expression, not the content or the subject matter

Copyright

 For a work created after January 1, 1978,  copyright laws protect the work for
 the author’s life plus 70 years
 the last surviving author’s life plus 70 years in the case of multiple authors
 Currently, no international laws for worldwide protection

Teamwork

 Employers are looking for individuals who not only have a good grasp of engineering
fundamentals but can also work well with others in a team environment

Design team

A group of individuals with complementary expertise, problem solving skills, and talent who are working together to solve a problem or achieve a common goal

Common Traits of Good Teams

1. The project that is assigned to a team must have clear and realistic goals. These goals must
be understood and accepted by all members of the team

Common Traits of Good Teams

2. The team should be made up of individuals with complementary expertise, problem solving
skills, background, and talent

Common Traits of Good Teams

3. The team must have a good leader

Common Traits of Good Teams

4. The team leadership and the environment in which discussions take place should promote
openness, respect, and honesty

Common Traits of Good Teams

5. The team goals and needs should come before individual goals and needs

The Organizer

Experienced and confident; trusted by members of the team and serves as a coordinator for the entire project

The Creator

Good at coming up with new ideas, sharing them with other team members, and letting the team develop the ideas further

The Gatherer

Enthusiastic and good at obtaining things, looking for possibilities, and developing contacts

The Motivator

Energetic, confident, and outgoing; good at finding ways around obstacles

The Evaluator

Intelligent and capable of understanding the complete scope of the project; good at judging outcomes correctly

The Team Worker

Tries to get everyone to come together, does not like friction or problems among team members

The Solver

Reliable and decisive and can turn concepts into practical solution

The Finisher

Can be counted on to finish his or her assigned task on time; detail oriented and may worry about the team’s progress toward finishing the assignment

Accommodating team members

 Avoid conflicts
 Highly cooperative
 Allow assertive individuals to dominate
 Could lead to poor team decision

Compromising team members

 Demonstrate a moderate level of assertiveness and cooperation
 By compromising, the team may have sacrificed the best solution for the sake of
group unity

Collaborative approach

 High level of assertiveness and cooperation by the team
 No finger pointing
 A conflict = a problem to be solved by the team
 Team proposes solutions
 Means of evaluation
 Combine solutions to reach an ideal solution

Conflict Resolution

When a group of people work together, conflicts sometimes arise
 Miscommunication
 Personality differences
 The way events and actions are interpreted by a member of a team

Project Scheduling and Task Chart

A process that engineering managers use to ensure that a project is completed on time and within the allocated budget

Engineering Standards and Codes

 allow for easy ways to communicate the size of a product
 For example, if we had global standards for shirts and shoes, then the above cross referenced tables would not be necessary

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

MCLG

Maximum contaminant level goal

Maximum contaminant level goal

The maximum level of a given contaminant in the water that causes no known harmful health effects

MCL

Maximum contaminant level

Maximum contaminant level

 Slightly higher levels of contaminants than MCLG
 Levels of contaminants that are legally enforceable

Clean Air Act of 1970

EPA sets standards for 6 major pollutants:
 Carbon monoxide (CO)
 Lead (Pb)
 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
 Ozone (O3)
 Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
 Particulate matter (PM)

Clean Air Act of 1990

Required EPA to address the effect of many toxic air pollutants by setting new standards

Outdoor Air Quality Standards in the U.S

 Since 1977, EPA has issued 27 air standards that are to be fully implemented in the coming years
 EPA works with individual states to reduce amount of sulfur in fuels and setting more stringent emission standards for cars, buses, trucks, and power plants
 Air pollution is a global concern that can affect not only our health, but also our climate
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Indoor Air Quality Standards in the U.S.

 Indoor levels of pollutants may be two to five times higher than outdoor levels
 Indoor air quality is important in homes, schools, and workplaces where we spend approximately 90% of our time
 Indoor air quality is important to our short-term and long-term health, It affects productivity in
workplaces and the learning environment in our schools

Methods to Manage Contaminants

 Source elimination or removal examples
 Source substitution example
 Proper ventilation
 Exposure control
 Air cleaning

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

ISO

International Organization for Standardization