Basic Chemistry

Matter

a substance that has mass and occupies space.

Substance

matter that has the same composition and properties throughout

Element

any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Identified by its symbol and its atomic number.

Atomic Number

is equal to the number of protons found in the nucleus.

Mass Number

number of protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus of an atom

Isotope

atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons

Atomic Mass

the total of protons, neutrons and electrons in a single atom.

Ion

atom that has a positive or negative charge

Atom

smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element consists of thre subatomic particles.

Proton

a subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Cation

a positively charged ion

Anion

a negatively charged ion

Valence Electron

Electrons found on the outer shell of an atom which can combine with other atoms to form molecules

Periodic Table

A table that shows the elements, their atomic number, symbol, and average atomic mass; elements with similar chemical properties are grouped together.

Period

a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

Group

Vertical column of elements in the periodic table, Contains elements with similar properties because of their simlar electron configurations.

Neutron

subatomic particle with no charge and a mass about equal to a proton and found in the nucleus

Electron

negatively charged particle and are found outside the nucleus and arranged according to their energy level

Metal

a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat and forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals.

Found on the left side of the periodic table.

ex. gold

Metalloid

an element that has some of the characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals, and are semiconductors, located in between the groups of metals and non-metals on the periodic table.

ex. arsenic

Nonmetal

-an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity

-poor conductors of heat and electricity when compared to metals

-usually have lower densities than metals

non-metals have high electronegativity

ex. phosphorus

Noble Gases

Have full valence shells and are inert. The last group on the right of the periodic table.

Radio-Isotopes

An isotope that has an unstable nucleus and undergoes radioactive decay

Octet Rule

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

Ionic Bond

a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains to electron to form a negative ion

Covalent Bond

a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Element

any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Compound

is a substance of two or more different atoms bonded together, which can be broken down into elements.

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume. Attractions between the atoms or molecules are weak, and the particles move around in a random and erratic manner.

Liquid

A state of matter where there is no definite shape, and does not vary in volume.

Solid

a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume, and its particles have very little movement.

Melting

the process where heat changes something from a solid to a liquid

EvaporatIon

the process by which a liquid turns into a gas.

Vapor Pressure

a measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container, which is specific for each liquid and at each temperature.

Condensation

change of matter from a gas to a liquid state

Freezing

the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid

Sublimation

the change of a substance from a solid to a gas, without a liquid phase. Ex. dry ice

Homogenous Mixture

a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout, so there will be no variation found within the sample.

Solution

a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout, ex. sugar water, each sample of the water should contain an equal amount of dissolved sugar

Filtration

a process that separates a solid from the liquid or gas in a heterogeneous mixture, by means of a filter.

Solvent

a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solute

the dissolved substance in a solution

Heterogenous Mixture

composition may vary within a sample, particles may be able to be visibly seen.

Solubility

the ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure

Distillation

the process of purifying a liquid by boiling it and condensing its vapors

Chemical Change

a type of change where a substance changes into a new and different substance

iron exposed to oxygen makes iron oxide.

Physical Change

change a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition. Ice cubes that melt into liquid, both are the same substance, water but just in different forms.

Reaction

process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.

Reactant

a chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction

Product

a chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction, but nothing was created or destroyed.

Displacement Reaction

involves an element reacting with a compound. During this reaction, and atom of the single element replaces and element in the compound.

Acid Base Reaction

When an acid and base mix together, neutralize one another's properties, and the products are salt and water.

Neutralization Reaction

is a chemical reaction whereby an acid and a base react to form a salt.

Acid

Conduct electricity

Change blue litmus to red

Have a sour taste

React with bases to neutralize their properties

React with active metals to liberate hydrogen ions

Base

Conduct electricity

Change red litmus to blue

Have a slippery feeling

React with acids to neutralize their properties.

Donates hydroxide ions.

Exothermic

chemical reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat, products contain less energy than its reactants.

Endothermic

describes a reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings, its products contain more energy than its reactants.

Structural Formula

used to represent organic compounds, similar to lewis diagrams, but use a dash in place of a colon to represent a bond.

Mixture

A substance that contains one or more elements or compounds that are not bonded together

Boiling Point (BP)

The temperature at which a substance boil

Melting Point (MP)

The temperature at which a substance melt

Ionization Energy

the amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron

Eletronagativity

the tendency of an atom to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself

Chemical Formula

Formula for a reaction using symbols

Word Formula

Formula for a reaction using words

Reactivity Series

A list of elements in order of reactivity

Metal Oxide

Produced when metals react with oxygen

Metal Carbonates

A substance containing a Metal bonded to CO3

Change of State

Changes in kenitic energy causing a change in phase - e.g from solid to liquid

Metal carbonate reacting with acid produces

CO2 gas

A product of neutralization reaction is...

Water

Rate of reaction...

The volume of gas collected over time

During a phase change temperature....

is constant...

Metals reacting in air reacts to form....

Metal Oxide

ZnSO4 reacted with Ca metal reacts to form...

CaSO4 + Zn