CL World Benchmark I

Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange: plants, animals, human populations, disease populations

Increased population, spread disease

Adam Smith thought on economics

Hands off, thought of the government role being limited. They should not be the ones protecting capital

Reconquista

Military campaign in southern Spain, liberating Christian Spain (Iberian Peninsula) from Islamic influence

Portuguese explanation

Portuguese explorers sailed south, down the west coast of Africa, in hopes of finding a route to the Far East (also hunger). Along the way, they discovered plenty of ways to make a profit from their voyages, and pretty soon they were leaders in the gold and slave trades. Developed fortified trading posts.

Ptolemaic view challenges

Among others was the problem that Ptolemy supposed that the planets were attached in gaps between (crystalline) spheres that rotated in perfect circles depicting their orbits. Copernicus and other astronomers proved challenges to this view, as it was pre-scientific

Martin Luther

Martin Luther (1483—1546) German theologian, professor, pastor, and church reformer. Luther began the Protestant Reformation with the publication of his Ninety-Five Theses on October 31, 1517. In this publication, he attacked the Church's sale of indulgences. Forms a new religion.

Peace of Westphalia and following wars

The 'Peace of Westphalia' refers to a series of treaties signed in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe. It established the concept of territorial sovereignty and laid the foundation for the modern state system

The Spanish and the Aztecs, Incas, and Taino

Spanish are disappointed in lack of Taino spices, sliks. Recruit locals to mine gold instead. Tainos are outgunned in rebellions. Hernan Cortes takes down the Aztecs, Fransisco Pizaro takes down the Incas (meets Incan ruler Atahualpa) Tainos, then Aztecs, then Incas.

Portuguese, sugarcane, and trade dominance

Sugarcane popular, sugar mills, complex and needs African slaves

Atlantic triangle trade

European manufactured goods to Africa, Africa brings slaves to Americas, Americas sends cash crops back to Europe

Brazil as a colony

Brazil's first colonizers were met by Tupinamba Indians, one group in the vast array of the continent's native population. Lisbon's early goals were simple: monopolize the lucrative trade of pau-brasil, the red wood (valued for making dye) that gave the colony its name, and establish permanent settlements.

Swahili city-states

Chieftans develop trade, Swahili ports dominated by Portuguese

In the East African coast

Islam, Swahili language, combinations of Arabic, Nordic and Hindi languages

Queen Nzinga

Posed as a male, had male concubines dressed as women. Resisted the Portuguese

Ruler of Ndongo

African forms of slavery and concept of private property

People aren’t considered as property in the pre-European context

Merchant social status during Tokugawa Japan

Poor, bottom of society. Confucianism also backs this idea, stinging in a few different directions

Demanding bureaucratic examination process in the Ming and Qing dynasties

for civil service, 3 days uninterrupted examinations, ferocious competition, 20k government positions, advantages for wealthy classes, open to all

Need to pass at the highest levels to gain entry

Patriarchy/foot binding in the Ming and Qing dynasties

Eldest son favored in patriarchal families, males receive preferential status, girls join husband’s family, chaste widows honored with ceremonial arches, men control divorce. Foot binding is linen strips that bond and deform female children’s feet, perceived aesthetic value, statement of social status. High class.

Treatment of Ottoman and Mughal religions and their differences

Religious tolerance

Practice freely, as long as certain expectations are met

If taxes are paid, these societies are left alone

Akbar (DBQ) is very tolerant, takes away taxes

Boundaries of Ottoman Empire

Bordered the Safavid Empire (Persia) to the East

Battle of Chaldiran

Between the Ottoman and Safavid Empire. As a result, the Ottomans annexed Eastern Anatolia and Upper Mesopotamia from Safavid Iran

Premises of Guns, Germs, and Steel

“Just know Guns germs and steel play a role in how Europeans colonize the world. They had those items while the Western Hemisphere peoples do not.” (Smallpox, guns, swords)

DBQs

Olaudah Equiano wrote a biography, Columbus (self explanatory), De Las Casas said that the Indies were being treated unfairly in the West, Martin Luther (see above), Adam Smith (see above), Triangle Trade/Columbian Exchange (see above)

Ming

“Brilliant”

Qing

“Pure” (Civil Exams)

Papal Line

Decreed all lands west and south of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any islands of the Azores or Cape Verde Islands should belong to Spain. Led to the Treaty of Tordesillas