Photosynthesis
________ involves increases and decreases in the energy of an electron as it moves from PSII through PSI to NADPH.
H2O
________ is split by enzymes, and the electrons are transferred from the hydrogen atoms to P680+, thus reducing it to P680.
Energy
________ released by the fall drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
Diffusion of H+
________ (protons) across the membrane drives ATP synthesis.
Photosystem I
________ boosts the electron to an even higher energy level.
light harvesting complexes
The ________ (pigment molecules bound to proteins) funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center.
photosystem
A(n) ________ consists of a.
Solar
________- powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor is the first step of the light reactions.
PSII
Light excites the electron in ________.
pigment molecules
A photon hits a pigment and its energy is passed among ________ until it excites P680.
Cyclic electron flow
________ generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in the Calvin cycle.
Electron
________ on a nonexcited pigment molecule in PSII starts with the lowest energy.
Cyclic electron flow
________ produces ATP, but not NADPH.
During the light reactions, there are two possible routes for electron flow
cyclic and linear
Linear electron flow
the primary pathway; involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy
Cyclic electron flow
uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH
A photosystem consists of
reaction-center complex (a type of protein complex)
surrounded by light-harvesting complexes
Light-harvesting complexes
pigment molecules bound to proteins; funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center
First step of the light reactions
Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor
Z Scheme
Light excites the electron in PSII
Photosystem I boosts the electron to an even higher energy level
Each electron “falls” down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of PS I to the protein ferredoxin (Fd)
The electrons are then transferred to NADP+ and reduce it to NADPH
The electrons of NADPH are available for the reactions of the Calvin cycle