anatomy chp1

Anatomy

study of structure

Gross Anatomy

visible structures

Microscopic Anatomy

Histolgy (tissues) cytology (cells)

Physiology

Study of function

6 levels of organization

1. Chemical

2. Cellular

3. Tissues

4. Organ

5. Organ system

6. Ogranism

Functions Necessary for Human Life

Organization

Metabolism

Reponsiveness

Movement

Development

Reproduction

Two types of Metabolism

Catabolism - breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to simpler ones

Anabolism - constructs complex molecules

Negative Feeback

Response reverses stiumulu EX: Temperature regulation

Positive Feedback

Response enhances stimulus EX: childbirth instigates contractions with ocxytoxin release

Anatomical Position

upright, palms forward

Superior

Above head, toward

Inferior

Below the head

Anterior

frontside, chest

Posterior

Butt, back

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

proximal

close

distal

far

superficial

near the surface

deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

sagittal

anywhere cut right and left pieces, directly middle

midsagittal

directly in the middle

frontal

back and front halves

Transverse

cut at waist

Dorsal Cavity

cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord)

Ventral Cavity

thoracic - pleural (lungs) pericardial (heart) mediastinum

Abdominopelvic - abdominal (digestive) pelvic (bladder reproductive)

serous membranes

parietal - lines cavity walls

visceral layer - covers organs

X-ray

bone, dense structures

CT

cross-sectional, soft tissue

MRI

detailed soft tissue imaging

PET

metabolic activity

ultrasound

sound waves, soft tissue, little radition

Right Hypochondriac Region

live, gallbladder

Epigastric Region

stomach, part of live, pancreas

Left Hypochondriac Region

spleen, stomach

Right Lumbar Region

ascending colon, right kidney

Umbilical Region

small intestine, transverse colon

Left Lumbar REgion

descending colon, left kidney

right Inguinal Region

appendix, cecum

Hypogastric Region

bladder, reproductive

Left inguinal region

sigmoid colon