Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes to help study for the upcoming exam.

What happens when a red blood cell is placed in pure water?

The cell will burst (LYSE) through cytoplasm due to water diffusing into the cell via osmosis.

What causes LH levels to surge during the follicular phase?

Rising estrogen levels.

Hypertonic Solution

High concentration of solutes than the solution cytoplasm, resulting in water exiting the cell via osmosis, causing the cell to shrivel.

What is the role of progesterone and estrogen released by the Corpus Luteum?

Maintains the lining during the luteal phase.

What is the function of hCG released from the placenta?

Maintaining the corpus luteum.

when LH spikes what occurs

Leads to ovulation.

Follicular Phase

Begins the process of menstruation.

function of FSH

Stimulate the development of ovarian follicles.

Rising Estrogen causes…

Spikes in LH leading to ovulation.

Adaptive radiation

The emergence of multiple lineages from a single ancestral species.

Convergent evolution

Two unrelated species evolve to share more similar characteristics (analogous traits).

Divergent Evolution

Two species who do not share a common ancestor, evolve different over time, they diverge.

Lamarck’s Theory

The passing of traits to offspring that were acquired during one’s lifetime (inheritance of acquired traits).

Hybridization

Two closely related species mate, resulting in a hybrid.

Phylogenetic Trees: Node

Any point along the tree where the population branches out into two distinct lineages.

Adrenal Cortex Compounds

They bind to intracellular receptors and alter eukaryotic transcriptional regulation.

Adrenal Medulla

Produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) which are involved in our “fight or flight” response.

Glucocorticoids (cortisol & cortisone)

Regulate glucose metabolism, stress response, and immune function.

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Regulate blood pressure and balance between salt and water.

Androgens

Weak male sex hormone which serve as the precursor to male and female sex hormone.

A protein with a hydrophobic region is likely a:

Membrane-spanning protein

What is the relationship between vasodilation and blood pressure

Vasodilation cause blood pressure to decrease

Vasoconstriction

Decrease of the amount of blood being transferred to the skin.

When the environment favors traits on either extreme, going away from intermediate traits

Disruptive Selection

Bottleneck Effect

When a population decrease in size dramatically making the population susceptible to genetic drift

Founders Effect

When a small group of individuals become isolated from a larger population and establishes populations with a different gene pool

The cortical reaction directly functions by _.

formation of an impenetrable fertilization membrane

Where is the location of the electron transport chain

inner mitochondrial membrane

All the following are component of blood EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION

Podocytes

Which of the following is the most abundant t type of immune cell?

Neutrophil

Which of the following anatomical structures is the lower border of the thoracic cavity?

Diaphram

In photosy thesis, which of the following molecules is split to produce oxygen

Water

An organism with bilateral symmetry, body segmentation, and multiple pairs of joint appendages belongs to which animal phyla?

Arthropoda

What is the correct order of stages in pre-embryonic development

Zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, implantation

When a human gamete is being formed through meiosis, how many chromatids are present during Anaphase 1?

92

which of the following DNA sequence has the highest melting point when bonded to its complementary strand?

TGCAGGCTAC

DNA fragments predicted by restriction enzymes can be separated from one another using

Gel electrophoresis

which structure’s primary function is the movement of water throughout plants?

xylem

where in the cell does beta oxidation occur?

mitchondria

if an organism’s DNA contain 30% thymine, what percentage of guanine would be present in its DNA?

20%

A dog always s commands from his owner (like sitting), but always expects a treat in return, this is due to ____

classical conditioning

Most CO2 is dissolved in blood in what form

bicarbonate

In a population of mice, the coat varies between dark fur (dominant) and light fur (recessive) the frequency of homozygous recessive genotype is 16%. Assuming the population is hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following would be the allele frequency of the dominant allele in the mice population

0.6

A student wishes to conduct an experiement where he leave two identical plate of yeast growing in a solution. He seals one of the plates and incubate both plates overnight. Which of the following would be found in the sealed plate but not the open plate?

ethanol

during the process of gastrulation, which structure is formed even in the most primitive organism

gut tube

when does protein degradation occur in the timeframe of protein synthesis?

after translation

a breeder attempts ro cross an alpaca with a llama for thicker wool and finds that the hybrid offspring can rarely live for more than a few days. Which of the following best describe what this outcome probably results form?

Postzygotic reproductive isolation

A scientist discovers a new species capable of surviving in dry environment with low water. This species produces highly concentrated urine. Which of the following structure would the organism posses that make exhibit this?

longer loops of henle

what is the difference between male and female gametogenesis?

Oogenesis create one large gamete and spermatogensis creates four smaller gametes

which of the following direct (non tropic) hormones has a function that increases the rate of metabolism

thyroxine

which type of axon propagates an accretion potential the fastest?

thick and myelinated

what is the deepest layer of the epidermis that attached to the basement membrane?

stratum basale

which microbial process is responsible for the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3) and ammonium (NH4)?

nitrogen fixation

the origin of which two organelles is explained by the endosymbiotic theory

chloroplast and mitochondria