CNA: QUIZ 2 PREP: C7-C9

INTERNAL MEDICAL EMERGENCIES:

• Heart attack

• Stroke

• Low sugar

EXTERNAL EMERGENCIES:

• FIRE

• CAR ACCIDENT

• GUNSHOT

WHAT TO DO IN AN EMERGENCY:

• ASSESS THE SITUATION

Determine what has happened, ASSESS YOUR SURROUNDINGS FOR DANGER IN THE SURROUNDINGS.

MAKE SURE THERE IS NO IMMEDIATE DANGER. CHEMICALS? ELECTRICAL CORDS? THEYRE ON THE FLOOR FOR A REASON

• ASSESS THE VICTIM

Tap the victim to make sure theyre ok

Check their pulse (in their neck or wrist) (I THINK NECK)

IN MEDICAL EMERGENCIES:

YOU GO STRAIGHT TO THE NURSE

HOWEVER, IF THE RESIDENT IS SAYING: “oh i have a headache”: YOU DO VITALS FIRST

BEFORE REPORTING THE NURSE:

ALWAYS DO VITALS OF THE RESIDENT

UNLESS ITS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY

First aid

You do not panic. You have to stay calm.

You can kill someone panicking.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

put person down on the floor

• Call: Call 911 immediately and put the phone on speaker. If someone else is nearby, have them call and find an Automated External Defibrillator (AED). [1, 2]

• Push: Place the heel of one hand in the center of the person's chest. Put your other hand on top and interlock your fingers. [1, 2]

• Hard & Fast: Keep your arms straight, position your shoulders directly over your hands, and push straight down hard and fast. [1, 2]

• Rate: Aim for 100 to 120 compressions per minute (the beat of the song "Stayin' Alive" works well). Allow the chest to spring back completely between pushes. [1, 2, 3]

WHEN A PERSON IS CHOKING

their airway is blocked

Within 5 minutes, the person’s brain can shut down (brain death)

YOU PERFORM ABDOMINAL THRUSTS

Myocrdial infraction (MI)

Is a heart attack.

It is when the heart does not receive enough oxygen.

(high cholesterol can cause a heart block)

When there’s a block in the artery, a heart attack occurs

It makes the muscles of the heart, hardened: THAT PART IS THE PART THAT IS INFRACTED

WHEN DOING AN EKG: an infracted part of the heart looks like an M.n

SYMPTOMS OF HEART ATTACK:

• PAIN ON THE LEFT SIDE

• NASUEA

• SHORTNESS OF BREATH

NOSE BLEEDING

HOW TO POSITION NOSE BLEEDING?:

YOU DO NOT POINT THEIR HEAD UP: it can cause u to choke on ur blood, it can go into the airway

Nose bleeding can come from the brain

–

PINCH THE NOSE

HAVE THEM BEND DOWN

AND HAVE THEM BREATHE THROUGH THE MOUTH FOR AN HOUR

IF ITS STILL THERE AFTER AN HOUR: YOU CALL 911.

MEDICAL TERM FOR NOSEBLEED IS EPISTAXIS

INSULIN REGULATES..

BLOOD SUGAR, AND KEEPS IT A MEDIUM LEVEL

WHAT IS DIABETES?

IT IS WHEN THE BODY DOES NOT PRODUCE INSULIN OR ENOUGH INSULIN, WHICH LEADS TO DIABETES

LOW INSULIN LEADS TO

HIGH BLOOD SUGAR

type 1 diabetes

IS DIABETES WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE BORN WITHOUT INSULIN : that means raw sugar travels all over their body and they pee crystals : because they dont have enough insulin : SO THATS WHY DOCTORS ORDER INSULIN

(they extract insulin from the animals to inject into the human body)

type 2 diabetes

Now, these are people who are born with insulin, but not enough, not enough to control the sugars. So sometimes they need a pill here and there, they can control it with exercise, diet, and lifestyle.

IF SOMEONE HAS TOO LOW OF A BLOOD SUGAR,

GIVE THEM A SUGAR SNACK

LOW SUGAR (hypoglecmia):

• If the patient is weak

• Perspiration

• Nauesea

• Hungry 

• Headache

• Cold clammy skin

• Numbness

HIGH SUGAR (hyperglecmia) = LOW INSULIN

• Headache

• Weakness

• Rapid, weak pulse

• Low blood pressure

• Dry skin

• Flushed cheeks

• Drowsiness

• Nauesea and vomiting

• Shortness of breathe or air hunger

• Unconsciousnes

WHEN YOU SUSPECT THAT A PATIENT HAS HIGH OR LOW BLOOD SUGAR:

YOU DONT JUST RUN TO THE NURSE

 YOU CHECK THEIR BLOOD SUGAR FIRST, THEN REPORT IT TO THE NURSE

OBJECTIVE FACTS ARE NECESSARY, NOT SUBJECTIVE

HYPERGLECMIA:

 is when blood sugar is up

HYPOGLECMIA

 is when blood sugar is low

WHAT ARE THE 2 STEPS TO FOLLOW WHEN AN EMERGENCY HAPPENS?:

1. ASSESS THE SITUATION

2. ASSESS THE PATIENT

2. What kind of information should a NA be when calling emergency services?

• Location: The exact address, phone number, and location in the building (facility name, floor, and room number).

• Situation Details: The nature of the emergency (e.g., fall, choking, heart attack symptoms).

• Patient Status: The victim's condition (e.g., if they are conscious, breathing, or bleeding).

• Your Identity: Your name and your position.

• Actions Taken: Details of any first aid or CPR already being performed.

Physiological needs

• Food and water

• Protiection and shelter

• Activity

• Sleep and rest

• Comfort, especially freedom from pain

(remember ADLs include eating, sleeping, grooming, which are part of physiological needs)

remember ADLs include

eating, sleeping, grooming, which are part of physiological needs

Psychosocial needs

• Love and affection

• Acceptance by others

• Safety and security

• Self-reliance and independence in daily living

• Contact with others

• Success and self-esteem

Holistic care

Means providing caring for the whole person – the mind as well as the body

It combines physical, psychological, psychosocial, and spiritual care.

WHAT IS THE PERSON FIRST RECIEVING WHEN THEY ARE FIRST ADMITTED TO THE FACILITY? PSYCHOSOCIAL OR PHYSIOLOGICAL?

PSYCHOSOCIAL, BECAUSE YOU ARE WELCOMING THEM, YOU ARE ACCEPTING THEM

You will be receiving all different kinds of information on the patient.

BEFORE A PATIENT IS ADMITTED:

You prepare the room.

You know their background: their race, culture, religion. You’ll set up the room and their diet accordingly, to make them comfortable.

When you call them by their name, the one they prefer, (YOU ARE ACCEPTING THEM).

Stress and frustration occurs when

basic needs are not met: IF A RESIDENT FEELS UNWELCOMED, THAT CAN MAKE THEM FEEL STRESSED

After meeting psychosocial needs:

 PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS MUST BE MET

EXPLAIN WHY INDEPENDENCE AND SELF-CARE ARE IMPORTANT

Loss of independence makes a lot of people upset

That’s why, we have to encourage independence, as much as possible. We won’t do EVERYTHING FOR THEM, we let them do as much as they can for themselves.

HOWEVER, if a patient is confused, they may not make good decisions for themselves.

MOVING TO A FACILITY, MEANS MANY LOSSES:

• ESPECIALLY, LOSS OF INDEPENDENCE AND SOMETIMES SELF ESTEEM

• Loss of spouse, family, friends

• Loss of workplace

• Loss of ability to go to favorite places

• Loss of ability to attend services

• Loss of home and person possessions

• Loss of health and ability to care for themselves

• Loss of ability to move freely

• Loss of pets

WHEN A PERSON LOSES THEIR INDEPENDNECE:

• Poor self-image

• Anger towards caregivers, others, and self

• Feelings of helplessness, sadness, and opelessness

• Feelings of being useles

• Increased dependence

• Anxiety and depression

HOW TO PREVENT THIS?:

• LET THEM DO AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE FOR THEMSELVES (even if it means letting them do it slowly)

(even if it seems easier to do it yourself, let them do it)

• Let them choose where they sit, what they eat and in what order

Guidelines: respecting sexual needs

• Provide privacy if you encounter two consenting adults doing the shibangbang

• Also provide privacy if you encounter masturbating
  

HOWEVER, YOU HAVE TO INTERVENE IF THE SEXUAL SITUATION IS NON-CONSENSUAL 

RESPECTING SPIRITUAL NEEDS

• Never try to change someone’s religion

• Don’t express judgement on a religious group

• Don’t interfere with religious practice

WHY IS THE NEED FOR ACTIVITY IMPORTANT?:

• Lessening the risk of heart disease, colon cancer, diabetes, and obesity

• Relieving anxiety and depression

• Improving mood and concentration

• Improving body function

• Lowering the risk of falls

WHEN A PATIENT DOES NOT DO ACTIVITIES FOR A WHILE:

• It can cause muscle atrophy

• It decreases their improvement of recovery

• Loss of self esteem

• Depression

• Anxiety

• Boredom

• Pneumonia

• Constipation

Gerontology

 is the study of the aging process

Nursing assistants are likely to spend most of their time

working with elderly residents

NORMAL CHANGES OF AGING:

• Skin is thinner, drier, more fragile, and less elastic

• Muscles weaken and lose tone

• Bones lose density and become more brittle

• Sensitivity of nerve endings in the skin decreases

• Responses and reflex slow

• Short-term memory loss occurs

• Senses of vision, hearing, taste, touch, and smell weaken

• Heart pumps less efficiently

• Lung strength and lung capacity decrease

• Oxygen in the blood decreases

• Urinary elimination is more frequent

• Appetite decreases

• Digestion takes longer and is less efficient

• Levels of hormones decrease

• Immunity weakens

• Lifestyle changes occur

Developmental disabilities:

• Down syndrome

• Autism

• Cerebral Palsy

• Spina Bifida

What are the most significant loses that residents experience when moving into a facility?

Loss of independence

Homeostasis

is the name for the condition in which all the body’s

systems are balanced and are working together to maintain internal

stability.

To be in homeostasis the body’s metabolism or physical and

chemical process must be working at a steady level.

What is metabolism?

Let’s use this analogy..

What does your stomach metabolize?

What does your pancreas metabolize?

METABOLISM IS THE SET OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN YOUR BODY THAT CONVERTS FOOD TO ENERGY. It is the complex network of life-sustaining chemical processes your body uses to convert food into energy. It fuels everything you do—from breathing and thinking to repairing cells and digesting—and is primarily driven by two main processes

Your stomach metabolizes food - it breaks down the food in your stomach and turns it into energy.

Your pancreas metabolize sugar - it uses insulin to regulate your sugar at a steady rate, and feeds it into your cells for energy

Changes in metabolic processes are called..

signs (objective information) and symptoms (subjective information).

FOR EXAMPLE: changes in body temperature could indicate that the body is fighting an infection

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

It’s the skin that prevents injury to internal organs and it regulates temperature.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Starts at your nose and goes through your airway into your lungs

Inspiration - inhale

Expiration - exhale 

1 INSPIRATION + 1 EXPIRATION = 1 BREATH

GASTRONINTESTINAL

Starts at your mouth and ends in your rectum

PULMONARY

 = MEANS LUNG

 THE MUSCLOSKELETAL SYSTEM

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM CANT STAND ALONE, IT NEEDS MUSCLE TO BIND THE SKELETAL SYSTEM TOGETHER

IT PROVIDES THE MOVEMENT IN THE BODY

NORMAL CHANGES WITH SKIN:

• Skin is thinner

• Skin is less elastic

• Protective fatty tissue is lost, so the person may feel colder

• Hair thins and turn gray

• Wrinkles or brown spots

• Nails are harder and more brittle

• Dry, itchy skin may result from a lack of oil from the sebaceous glands

OBSERVE AND REPORT:

• CHANGES IN ABILITY TO PERFORM ROUTINE MOVEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES

• CHANGE IN RESIDENT’S ABILITY TO PERFORM RANGE OF MOTION EXERCISES

• PAIN DURING MOVEMENT

• NEW OR INCREASED SWELLING OF JOINTS

• WHTE, SHINY, RED, OR WARM AREAS OVER A JOINT

• BRUISING

• ACHES AND PAINS REPORTED

DESCRIBE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

It is the controlled and message system of the body

EXAMPLE OF HOW THE NERVOUS SYSTEM WORKS:

PHANTOM LIMBS

PHANTOM LEG -> IS FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (e.g, 25 year old man with amputated leg, thinks his leg is itchy(

((the nervous system gets used to habits, it still thinks theres a leg there, so it sends signals there)

Central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

sends the signals from the CNS throughout the body

THE NERVOUS SYSTEMS: SENSES

The eyes, ears, tongue, and skin

DESCRIBE THE CIRCULATORY (CARDIOVASCULAR) SYSTEM:

We will check the pulse, respiration, and blood pressure

WHAT DO YOU OBSERVE AND REPORT WHEN IT COMES TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM?:

You’d report a change in pulse rate, blood pressure, or respiration

OBSERVE AND REPORT FOR CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

• Changes in pulse rate

• Weakness, fatigue

• Loss of ability to perform activities of daily living

• Swelling of ankles, feet, fingers, or hands

• Pale or bluish hands, feet, or lips

• Chest pain

• Weight gain

• Shortness of breath, changes in breathing patterns, or an inability to catch a breath

• Severe headache

• Inactivity (which can lead to circulatory problems)

Respiration =

inspiration + expiration

What are normal changes in elderly with respiration?:

• Lung strength decreases

• Lung capacity decreases

• Oxygen in the blood decreases

• Voice weakens

WHAT TO OBSERVE AND REPORT WHEN IT COMES TO THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:

• Change in respiratory rate

• Shallow breathing or breathing through pursed lips

• Coughing or wheezing

• Nasal congestion or discharge

• Sore throat, difficulty swallowing, or swollen tonsils

• The need to sit after mild exertion

• Pale, bluish, or gray color of the lips, arms, and/or legs

• Pain in the chest area

• Discolored sputum or mucus a person coughs up from the lungs (green, yellow, blood-tinged, or gray)

WHAT TO REPORT WITH URINARY SYSTEM:

• Weight losss or gain

• Swelling in the upper or lower extremities

• Pain or burning during urination

• Change in urine, such as cloudiness or odor

GASTROINTENSTINAL SYSTEM

Starts from mouth, ends in rectum

Peristalsis

is the involuntary, wave-like series of muscle contractions that propel food and waste through your digestive tract.

OBSERVIGN AND REPORTING PROBLEMS WITH GI SYSTEM:

• Difficulty swallowing or chewing

• Fecal incontinence

• Weight gain or weight lss

• Loss of appetite

• Abdominal pain or cramping

• Diarrhea

• Nausea and vomiting

• Constipation

• Flatulence

• Hiccups of belching

• Blood, black, or hard stools

• Heartburn

• Poor nutritional intake

Thyroid produces hormone:

 when hormones excrete too much of a hormone, that is hyperthyroidism

HORMONES SECRETED BY THE PITUATRARY GLAND:

OBSEVING AND REPORTING WHEN IT COMES TO THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

is a network of glands and organs that produce, store, and release hormones. These chemical messengers travel through the bloodstream to regulate vital bodily functions, including metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

OBSEVING AND REPORTING WHEN IT COMES TO THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM:

• HEADACHE

• WEAKNESS

• BLURRED VISION

• DIZZINESS

• IRRITABILITY

• SWEAT/EXCESSIVE PERSPIRATION

• CHANGE IN “NORMAL” BEHVAIOR

• CONFUSION

• CHANGE IN MOBILITY 

• CHANGE IN SENSATION

• NUMBNESS OR TINGLING IN ARMS OR LEGS

• WEIGHT GAIN OR WEIGHT LOSS

• LOSS OF APPETITE OR INCREASED APPETITE

• INCREASED THIRST

• FREQUENT URINATION OR ANY CHANGE IN URINARY OUTPUT

• HUNGER

• DRY SKIN

• SKIN BREAKDOWN

• SWEET OR FRUITY BREATH

• SLUGGISHNESS OR FATIGUE

• HYPERACTIVITY

NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY:

THE BODY’S GENERAL DEFENSE SYSTEM

SPECIFIC IMMUNITY:

DONE BY A VACCINE

OBSERVING AND REPORTING: IMMUNE AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

• RECURRING INFECTIONS (SUCH AS PNEUMONIA, FEVERS, AND DIARRHEA)

• SWELLING OR LYMPH NODES

• INCREASED FATIGUE

NORMAL CHANGES OF AGING INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

• The immune system weakens, increasing the risk of all types of infection

• It may take longer for a person to recover from an illness

• The number and size of a lymph nodes decrease, which results in body being less able to contract a fever to fight infection

• Response to vaccine decreases

Sudden behavior changes and confusion can signal

a health condition

What is the nervous system?:

CNS (cnetral nervous system) the mastermind),

PNS (peripheral nervous system) the henchmen

9. What do these terms mean: digestion, absorption, and elimination?

• Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into microscopic, usable building blocks (like breaking proteins down into amino acids). This process begins in the mouth and finishes in the stomach and small intestine. [1, 2, 3, 4]

• Absorption: The process where these fully digested, simple molecules pass through the walls of the small intestine and into your bloodstream or lymphatic system. These nutrients are then distributed to cells throughout your body. [1, 2, 3]

• Elimination: The final step. Any food particles that cannot be digested or absorbed move into the large intestine, where excess water is removed. The remaining waste is then expelled from the body as feces