Neuroanatomy SG

Cerebrum

it is the largest part of the brain and is located in the front of the brain; it is in charge for programming movement and regulating temperature

Cell Bodies/Nuclei

located within the 2 nervous systems; provides structure for the cell and genetic info; turns nutrients into energy

Corpus Callosum

located below the cerebral cortex and is a nerve fiber bundle that connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres; it allows the 2 hemispheres to communicate with each other; works by using the left part of the brain and used to bring instructions to the right part of the body

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ex. feeling the sensation of typing on your keyboard is from your right hand but the feel of the keys is processed on the left side

Fissure

a deep grove that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe

Frontal Lobe

located at the front part of the brain right above the eyes; in charge of voluntary motor movement, planning and organizing; important for expressive language how to speak

Gray Matter

the cell bodies create this; its function is to process information through the axons which then signals the white matter afterwards to send that signal

Gyrus

hill like structures in the cerebral cortex that helps create the structure for the brain in order to fit more neurons while still being the appropriate size at the same time

Homunculus

a diagram that emphasizes which part of the body has the most sensory fibers and capabilities

Hypothalamus

is located below the thalamus and is basically the center of all hormonal regulation and homeostasis; connected to everywhere in the body

Limbic System

very deep into the brain; part of the brain involved with your memories and emotions

Medulla

the lowest part of the brainstem and is 2.5 cm long; its lower area is in the boundary of the spinal cord and its upper area is in the boundary of the pons; it is in charge of a few life functions such as swallowing centers and respiratory areas

Midbrain

part of your brain that is in charge of visual and auditory reflexes

Motor Strip

this is located in the frontal lobe; in charge of movement in the body; when used in the left hemisphere, it controls right part of body but when used in the right hemisphere, it controls left part of the body

Cortex/Neocortex

located in the outer layer that sits on the top of the cerebrum; the largest area of the brain; is the divider of the two hemispheres in the brain; involved in high level thinking such as problem solving, reasoning, thinking, and learning

Neuron

messengers that carry information between different areas of the brain and to the nervous system

Occipital Lobe

this is responsible for the visual and motion function; if this is damaged, you will have a hard time locating objects; located at the back of the head above the cerebellum

Parietal Lobe

this is responsible for your sensory/tactile function and is located at the upper back area; if this is damaged your sense of taste is affected

Pons

is superior of the medulla and anterior to the cerebellum; acts as a messenger b/w the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and lower structures like the medulla and spinal cord

Somesthetic Area

located in the parietal area of the brain more specifically the cerebral cortex; involved in signaling motor functions for skilled movements

Sulcus

a deep grove that separates the temporal lobe from frontal lobe, you have two of these and it does not go towards the bottom of the lateral fissure

Synapse

this is what binds a connection from neuron to neuron; it basically is the connection from the axon of a neuron to the dendrite of another neuron

Temporal Lobe

this is responsible for the function of hearing and talking; if speech or hearing is affected, this is the reason why

Thalamus

located near the center of the brain but is not part of the brain stem and is known as the sensory gatekeeper; it relays information that involves movement and sensory information

White Matter

this is where neurons and axons have a layer of myelin sheath; where axons run from ex. place a to b; this is the area where messages get passed up and down the spinal cord

Insula

located deep in the brain between the frontal and temporal lobes; in charge of the body’s awareness to feel pain in their body and the ability to be self aware

Primary Area

important for survival; in charge of nerve functions and basic sensory functions; created very early and starts to become functional after 12 weeks of birth; responsible for sensation essentially (touch,temp,pain,pressure)

Association Area

created and developed over time; build over a lifetime; in charge of behavior, attention span, planning, and where memories are stored

Commisural Fiber

fibers that connect one area of the hemisphere to an area on the opposite hemisphere; they make sure the messages get transported from left to right (vice versa); processes what movement you will make next; located in the anterior area of the corpus callosum

Projection Fiber

starts at the cortex then work its way down to the spinal nerve to the peripheral nerve and come out to work its way out; connects the cortex to other areas in the central nervous system

Uncus

the primary area where you receive and interpret smell; it is located in the innermost part of the temporal lobe

Heschel’s Gyrus

located at the upper surface of the temporal lobe which includes the primary auditory cortex; plays a role in speech production, phonologic processing, and semantic processing

Broca’s Area

located in the inferior frontal lobe; involved in language processing, speech production and helps regulate breathing when speaking

Wernicke’s Area

located in the left hemisphere of the temporal lobe and is involved in speech comprehension

Glial Cells

found in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system; has 6 different types; basically takes care of a neuron and transports nutrients to it; makes sure it is doing its job

Cerebellum

in charge of balance and making sure movements are smooth and not delayed; located between the cerebrum and the brain stem

Central Nervous System

this is made up of the brain and the spinal cord and is 1 part of the nervous system; there are functions in this system that work all at the same time; it is involved with making impulsive thoughts that need to be practiced in order to be controlled properly

Peripheral Nervous System

made of 12 parts of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves; everything else in the body that is not the brain or the spinal cord'; responsible for sending information to different areas of your body

Brain Stem

controls many of the basic functions in the body such as breathing and making your heart beat; consists of the medulla, pons, midbrain

Dendrite

tree like projections that carry signals to cell bodies from neurons; is part of a neuron

Axon

in charge of communication from neuron to neuron

Limbic System

very very deep within the brain and is in charge of memories and emotions

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell

Lysosomes

the cell that collects garbage'; uses digestive enzymes in order to break down and recycle used molecules

Golgi Bodies

transports proteins and sugars to the base of the axon

Neurotransmitters

messengers of synaptic membranes; sends the messages from a presynaptic membrane to a postsynaptic membrane through the synaptic cleft; is crucial to a few functions such as speech,lagnauge, hearing, and swallowing

Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates neurotransmitters and protein; this is the reason why messages are able to go from one neuron to the next

Oligodendrocytes

(Greek for “few tree glue”) these types of cells produce and cover the axons with myelin in the central nervous system

Schwann Cells

(named after physiologist Thedore Schwann) these type of cells produce and cover the axons with myelin in the parietal nervous system

Astrocytes

always attached to the neuron and cling to it; they keep out anything suspicious that touches the brain from the bloodstream; essentially a barrier

Microglial Cells

created in the bone marrow; they are cells in charge of immunity and play a large role in the nervous system structures as a defense system against infections and bacteria

Ribosomes

located in the nucleus and cell body; they create neurotransmitters and are in charge of protein synthesis

Basal Ganglia

a group of gray matter structures near the center of the brain; it is important in the motor system as it connects different parts of the brain to move the muscles in your body

Reticular Activating System

goes from midbrain,pons, all the way up; involved in awakeness consciousness

Extensor thrust reflex

make you arch backward; you will wind up straight, immediate reflex, reflexes are very fast

Ventricles - 4 

Is not in the spinal cord all in the brain or brain stem; Has to move smoothly one needs to be connected to one another

Meninige

3 layers of protective coating around the brain brain stem and spinal cord (CNS)

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

plashmaish-like fluid that runs through the ventricles; runs around meninge created with ventricles

Circle of Willis

sustains life and keeps that brain going, keeping oxygen to all parts of brain

Internal Carotid

Comes inside the head and forms part of anterior;they form part of anterior; 2 vertebral arteries one enters on the left one enters on right