History, Philosophy, and Theories of Nursing – Review Flashcards
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A comprehensive set of question-and-answer flashcards summarizing key people, events, concepts, theories, and legislation from the lecture on nursing history, philosophy, and theory.
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What is a nursing THEORY designed to do?
Describe or explain a concept for the discipline of nursing.
Define FOUNDATION in the context of nursing knowledge.
The base or baseline on which theories and practices are built.
Who is regarded as the founder of professional nursing?
Florence Nightingale.
Which era asked, “What content should nurses study?”
Curriculum Era.
Which era grew naturally from research and graduate education eras?
Theory Era.
Why is theory significant for the discipline of nursing?
It guides systematic, knowledgeable care and underpins evidence-based practice.
List the four periods in the Evolution of Nursing.
Intuitive, Apprentice, Education, Contemporary.
During which period was trepanning used to ‘let out evil spirits’?
Intuitive Period.
Who developed the ice-pick lobotomy and about how many did he perform?
Walter Freeman; between 3,500 and 5,000.
What Mesopotamian text introduced diagnostic methods and therapy?
The Diagnostic Handbook.
What was the role of an ASIPU in Mesopotamia?
A medical authority or exorcist healer.
Why are Egyptians described as the ‘healthiest of all men’?
Their early surgical and medical texts (e.g., Edwin Smith Papyrus) emphasized practical, non-magical treatment.
Name the earliest woman physician recorded in Egypt.
Peseshet.
What Indian medical system means “complete knowledge for long life”?
Ayurveda.
Which Chinese classic is the foundation of traditional Chinese medicine?
Huangdi Neijing.
In ancient Rome, who usually cared for the sick?
Slaves or Greek physicians, both viewed as socially inferior.
Who were the early nurses in the Apprentice Period?
Nuns.
Which institute was founded for training deaconesses (early nurses)?
Kaiserwerth Institute.
What military order founded hospitals for the wounded during the Crusades?
Knights of St. John of Jerusalem (Knight Hospitallers).
Which order specialized in caring for lepers in Jerusalem?
Knights of St. Lazarus.
What was the ‘Dark Period of Nursing’ and when did it occur?
17th–19th century era when hospitals closed, nurses were uneducated, and religious upheaval disrupted care.
Who re-established the deaconess movement and a nursing school after the Dark Period?
Theodor Fliedner.
Name the first formal training school for nurses in the U.S. (1873).
Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing, New York.
Which hospital in the Philippines first trained Filipino nurses (1906)?
Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing.
Give three key tenets of Nightingale’s system of nursing education.
Government funds for nursing education; training in civil hospitals; professional nurses train students.
What practice model dominated Nightingale’s training approach?
Apprenticeship—hands-on ward learning under a ward sister.
Define TRIAGE as practiced by nurses after World War I.
Sorting patients to decide who needs immediate care and who can safely wait.
What Philippine thesis (1945-1951) led to the rise of the BSN curriculum?
Julita V. Sotejo’s thesis.
Identify four major scopes of nursing.
Health promotion, illness prevention, health restoration, care for the dying.
List any five expanded career roles for today’s nurse.
Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse anesthetist, nurse midwife, nurse researcher (others accepted).
What were Filipino male nurses called during the Spanish regime?
Practicante or enfermero.
Which Philippine hospital (1578) was built exclusively for leprosy patients?
San Lazaro Hospital.
Which act (1903) allowed Filipino nursing students to study in the U.S.?
Pensionado Act (Act 854).
When was the first Philippine nursing board examination held?
1920.
What law (2002) is the current legal framework for Philippine nursing practice?
Republic Act No. 9173 (Philippine Nursing Act of 2002).
Define EPISTEMOLOGY.
A branch of philosophy concerned with the theory of knowledge.
Contrast RATIONALISM and EMPIRICISM in science.
Rationalism uses a priori reasoning and deductive cause-effect logic; empiricism relies on sensory experience, inductive data collection, then theory building.
What is a PARADIGM SHIFT according to scientific theory?
A transition from normal science through crisis to a revolutionary new framework.
Why is nursing both an ART and a SCIENCE?
Art involves caring and advocacy; science provides tested knowledge guiding practice.
Name the five components of nursing knowledge hierarchy.
Metaparadigm, Philosophy, Conceptual Models, Theory (grand & middle-range), Empirical Indicators.
List the four concepts of the nursing METAPARADIGM.
Person, Environment, Health, Nursing.
What is the function of a PHILOSOPHY in nursing?
Communicates beliefs, values, and truth claims of the discipline.
Define CONCEPTUAL MODEL in nursing.
A set of abstract concepts and propositions offering a broad frame of reference for practice and research.
Differentiate GRAND THEORY from MIDDLE-RANGE THEORY.
Grand theories are broad and abstract; middle-range theories are narrower, more specific, and readily testable.
What is an EMPIRICAL INDICATOR?
A concrete tool, instrument, or procedure used to measure or observe a middle-range theory concept.
Give two criteria used in theory analysis.
Clarity, Simplicity (others: Generality, Accessibility, Importance).
State one purpose of nursing theory in EDUCATION.
Guides curriculum design and what to teach future nurses.
Which model emphasizes cultural competence in nursing education?
Leininger’s Sunrise Model (Transcultural Theory).
According to Nightingale, nursing is ‘the act of utilizing the _______ of the patient to assist in recovery.’
Environment.
Name Nightingale’s five essential environmental factors.
Pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, light.
Why did Nightingale insist on small, frequent meals for patients?
To support nutrition without overtaxing digestion and to avoid distracting patient care during meals.
List three aspects (of ten) still practiced from Nightingale’s Environmental Theory.
Clean rooms, controlled temperature, direct sunlight exposure (any three of the ten aspects accepted).
In Nightingale’s metaparadigm, how is ‘PERSON’ viewed?
A multidimensional being (biological, psychological, social, spiritual) receiving care.
What is the CENTRAL FOCUS of Watson’s Transpersonal Caring Theory?
Human caring as the essence of nursing.
How many original CARATIVE PROCESSES did Jean Watson outline?
Ten.
Describe Watson’s first carative process.
Cultivating loving-kindness and equanimity toward self and others.
Which carative process emphasizes genuine teaching–learning?
The seventh: engaging in genuine teaching–learning experience respecting the other’s frame of reference.
State one of Watson’s seven assumptions of caring.
Caring can be effectively demonstrated and practiced only interpersonally (others acceptable).
In Watson’s metaparadigm, what unites mind, body, and spirit?
Health as harmony and congruence of the three.
What does Benner’s Novice-to-Expert model explain?
Progression of nurses’ clinical skill and understanding over time through experience.
At which Benner stage does a nurse rely heavily on rules and task completion?
Advanced Beginner.
Which Benner stage is characterized by holistic understanding and intuitive grasp?
Expert.
Why might an experienced adult ICU nurse revert to ‘Novice’ status?
Transfer to an unfamiliar setting (e.g., Pediatric ICU) with no prior experience.
Identify one hallmark of a ‘Competent’ nurse in Benner’s model.
Deliberate planning of care based on conscious, year-long experience.
What is the fundamental motive of Katie Eriksson’s Theory of Caritative Caring?
Caritas—love and charity expressed in caring.
Differentiate CARING ETHICS from NURSING ETHICS in Eriksson’s work.
Caring ethics concerns the nurse–patient relationship attitude; nursing ethics are formal principles guiding professional decisions.
According to Eriksson, what violates human dignity?
Suffering caused by absence of caritative care.
Name Eriksson’s three forms of suffering.
Suffering related to illness, suffering caused by care/absence of caring, suffering related to life.
What term does Eriksson use instead of ‘environment’?
Caring Culture.
Define ‘INVITATION’ in Eriksson’s theory.
The carer’s welcoming act that allows the patient to enter a caring communion.
Which U.S. hospital opened the first dormitory for Filipino nursing students?
Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (under Mary Coleman Masters).
What Philippine proclamation created Nurses’ Week?
Proclamation No. 539 by President Carlos P. Garcia.
What did Presidential Decree No. 233 establish in the Philippines?
The Professional Regulation Commission.
List two early Philippine hospitals founded in the 16th century.
Hospital Real de Manila (1577); Hospital de Indios (1586) (others acceptable).
Who organized the Filipino Red Cross during the revolution?
Doña Hilaria de Aguinaldo (inspired by Apolinario Mabini).
Define ‘TREPHANNING’.
Cutting a hole in the skull to release evil spirits, used in prehistoric care.
Which branch of philosophy studies how knowledge is developed?
Epistemology.
Give an example of DEDUCTIVE reasoning in rationalism.
Belief: poor handwashing spreads disease; therefore improving handwashing will reduce infections.
What is meant by ‘research-then-theory’ strategy?
Collect facts/observations first (empiricism) and build a theory afterward.
Name two analysis criteria that ensure a theory can be empirically tested.
Accessibility and Clarity (others acceptable).
What are the three primary purposes of nursing theory?
Guide education, research, and clinical practice.
Which theory asserts nurses must be technologically competent to care?
Locsin’s Theory of Technological Competency as Caring in Nursing.
According to Nightingale, what environmental factor can ‘purify’ by destroying microorganisms?
Light (sunlight).
In Nightingale’s 6Ds, what does ‘DRAINS’ signify?
Need for proper drainage and sewer systems.
What is ‘HOLISM’ as used in Nightingale’s Person concept?
Integration of biological, psychological, social, and spiritual dimensions.
Which Watson carative process requires nurses to accept and support expression of feelings?
Fifth—being present to and supportive of positive and negative feelings.
How does Benner describe the anxiety level at the Competent stage?
High due to pressure to perform consistently without mistakes.
State one qualification Benner lists for expert nurses.
Ability to recognize patterns based on deep experiential background (others acceptable).
According to Eriksson, what is ‘CARING COMMUNION’?
An intensive, warm, respectful relationship where true caring occurs.
What does the ‘practice-theory’ development method rely on?
Life/work experience and professional practice of the theorist.
Which analysis criterion asks, ‘Does the theory apply broadly or narrowly?’
Generality.
Why is Accessibility vital in theory development?
It ensures empirical indicators can be identified and the theory can be tested.
What is the ultimate purpose of nursing knowledge development?
To improve nursing practice.
Give one example of a paradigm shift in nursing practice.
Change from airway-breathing-circulation (ABC) sequence to circulation-airway-breathing (CAB) in resuscitation.
Which nurse theorist referred to the ten ‘carative factors’?
Jean Watson.
What is the first step in applying nursing theoretical works, according to analysis guidelines?
Theory analysis to assess theoretical adequacy.
Identify one early medical textbook from India.
Charaka Samhita or Sushruta Samhita.
What Philippine act (1953) limited nursing practice to persons 21 years or older?
Republic Act No. 877.
Define ‘METAPARADIGM’ literally.
Meta = with; Paradigm = pattern of shared understanding.
What is ‘CLARITY’ in theory analysis?
Precise definition of major concepts and consistent terminology.