Thẻ ghi nhớ: CHAPTER|2: THE VOICE AND THE ECHO | Quizlet

Human Communication (Definition)

A dynamic process where people attempt to share thoughts using symbols in a particular context.

Use: Fulfills Interpersonal Needs

Satisfies social needs like inclusion (belonging), affection, and control.

Use: Person Perception

Helps gather information about others to better understand their messages and self-presentation.

Use: Establishes Identities

Self-identity is acquired through communication; evolves through interaction.

Use: Persuasive Qualities

Allows individuals to send messages to shape the behavior of others (e.g., selling products, soliciting help).

Source

The person with an idea; sends and receives messages simultaneously.

Encoding

Internal activity: Creating the message by selecting verbal or nonverbal symbols.

Decoding

Internal activity: Converting external stimuli (message) into meaningful interpretations (information processing).

Feedback

The perception of the receiver's response to the message; controls the flow of conversation.

Noise

Competing stimuli that interfere with the communication process (can be external or internal).

Communication is Symbolic

Humans use symbols (sounds, marks) that represent something else. The symbol-referent link is arbitrary.

Communication is Contextual

The setting, environment, and relationship determine the words, actions, and meanings attributed to symbols.

Communication is Self-Reflective

Humans can observe, evaluate, and change their communication behavior while actively communicating.

Communication is Irreversible

Once a message is sent, it cannot be retrieved; both messages (e.g., insult and apology) are received.

Communication is Complex

In any interaction, six "people" (perceptions of self, other, and each other's perception) are involved.

Misconception: Communication Can Solve All Problems

FALSE. An overstated Western idea; communication has limits and cannot solve deep structural problems (e.g., poverty).

Misconception: Message Sent = Message Received

FALSE. Ignores variables (background, values, memory) that influence how the recipient decodes the message.

Culture (Definition)

Set of objective/subjective elements that increased survival, became shared, and provides a blueprint for behavior.

Core Principle (Hall's Quote)

"Culture is communication and communication is culture."

Culture Is Shared

Unites people with a collective frame of reference ("group worldview"); allows members to predict behavior.

Culture Is Transmitted

Crucial messages (values, norms) are passed down through communication to ensure endurance.

Culture Is Based on Symbols

Symbols (words, flags, gestures) allow people to package, store, and transmit collective wisdom.

Culture Is Learned

Not innate. Internalized from birth, often subconsciously; taught through proverbs, folktales, art, and media.

Culture Is Dynamic

Subject to change due to internal/external influences (e.g., technology, globalization).

Deep Structure (of Culture)

Elements resistant to major alterations and change very slowly (Family, Religion, History, Values).

Worldview

The overarching philosophy of how the world works and how people interpret reality.

History

Provides lessons for the present, cements a common identity, and supplies values and rules for behavior.

Language

The main vehicle of cultural transmission; words, meanings, and grammar are tied to a specific culture.

Intercultural Competence (Definition)

Behavior that is appropriate and effective in a given context.

Component: Motivation

Wanting to be part of a successful intercultural encounter (can be extrinsic or intrinsic).

Knowledge: Culture Specific

Studying one culture in depth (e.g., learning Arab values regarding honor and gender).

Knowledge: Culture General

Understanding the universal influences of culture on human behaviors across various cultures.

Skill: Tolerate Ambiguity

Coping with confusion and unpredictability with minimal anxiety; involves expecting the unexpected.

Skill: Communication Flexibility

Possessing a wide repertoire of skills to regulate, change, and adapt behavior ("willows" rather than "oaks").

Skill: Intercultural Listening

Being aware of cultural variations in the value of talk vs. silence, presentation style, and nonverbal responses.