Why Nations Fail Geography Western Hemisphere Independence Test

Reducciones

Reducing the area for natives to live;makes easier to control

Mita

Forced labor system invented by the Incas

Repartir

Forced sale of goods to locals at a fixed price

Trajin

carrying heavy loads

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it

Caudillos

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.

Junta

a military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force

Debt peonage

A system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Hernando Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Iturbide

conservative leader, he declared Mexico independent of Spain, became emperor in response to the liberal reforms in Spain

Santa Anna

Mexican dictator who was in charge when war broke out between the Mexicans and Americans. He lost Texas to rebels, and was the leader of the armed forces during the war. Santa Anna, was a Mexican soldier, politician, and caudillo who served as the 8th president of Mexico multiple times between 1833 and 1855.

Benito Juarez

he was the first and only Indigenous president of Mexico and the first democratically elected Indigenous president in the postcolonial Americas. Previously, he had served as Governor of Oaxaca and had later ascended to a variety of federal posts including Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Public Education, and President of the Supreme Court. During his presidency he led the Liberals to victory in the Reform War and in the Second French intervention in Mexico.

Porfirio Diaz

was a soldier and president of Mexico (1877-80, 1884-1911), who established a strong centralized state that he held under firm control for more than three decades.He succeeded in destroying local and regional leadership until the majority of public employees answered directly to him. Even the legislature was composed of his friends, and the press was muffled. He also maintained tight control over the courts.

Carlos Slim

a Mexican business magnate, investor, and philanthropist who owns many monopolies in Mexico and no one can do anything since by law he is exempt from his monopolies getting taken down.

Roman Catholicism/Protestantism

A desire to spread Christianity was one reason for European exploration. In the Spanish colonies Roman Catholicism was the main religion while in North America, it was Protestantism

Amparo

Mexico's "recurso de amparo" is found in Articles 103 and 107 of the Mexican Constitution —the judicial review of governmental action—to empower state courts to protect individuals against state abuses. Amparo was sub-divided into five legal departments:
(a) the Liberty Amparo (amparo de libertad)
(b) the Constitutionality Amparo (amparo contra leyes)
(c) the Judicial or "Cassation" Amparo, aimed at the constitutionality of a judicial interpretation
(d) the Administrative Amparo (amparo como contencioso-administrativo); and
(e) the Agrarian Amparo (amparo en materia agraria, ejidal y comunal).[11]

Toussaint Louverture

Was an important leader of the Haïtian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti; in a long struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.

Simone bolivar

he led Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela to independence, and helped lay the foundations for democratic ideology in much of Hispanic America. "George Washington of South America"

Jose Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who led peasants in call for independence and improved conditions