Comprehensive Python and Data Science Concepts for Students

What has happened to the volume of global data over time?

Increased exponentially

Which field of computer science simulates human conversation?

Artificial Intelligence

What percentage increase in data science jobs is predicted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics by 2030?

30%

What type of data includes texts, images, or videos?

Unstructured data

What job role mainly focuses on analyzing and interpreting data?

Data analyst

Which professional develops websites?

Computer scientist

What type of bias occurs when the training data does not represent all groups equally?

Algorithmic bias

What scenario best describes algorithmic bias?

A model that accepts or rejects applications where males are more likely to apply.

What do data centers consume a lot of that contributes to carbon emissions?

Energy

What is a sequence of instructions that solves a problem called?

Algorithm

What translates high-level language into machine instructions?

Compiler

Which program can create Python code directly runnable by the interpreter?

IDLE Editor

What manages programs and interfaces with peripherals?

Operating system

What does 'dynamic typing' mean in Python?

Variable types are assigned automatically at runtime.

In which year did Python begin development?

1980

What is true about Python?

Python is free to use; developers don't usually pay a fee.

What symbol can be used in a Python identifier?

Underscore (_)

What does 'keyword' mean in Python?

A reserved word that cannot be used as a variable name.

What is dividing by zero an example of?

Logic error

Which error type does not stop program execution?

Logic error

What is the name of the process for removing errors from code?

Debugging

What type of error occurs when a variable name is used incorrectly?

NameError

What command is used to intentionally pause execution during development?

raise NotImplementedError

What keyword ends a loop early when a condition is met?

break

What keyword skips to the next iteration of a loop?

continue

Which statement keeps executing as long as the condition is true?

while loop

What is an essential feature of a while loop?

The loop expression must change within the loop body.

How many times will for i in range(1, 3): run?

2

How many times does while i <= 100: i = i + 2 iterate?

51

What output does for i in range(2): for j in range(3): print(i,j) produce?

0 0, 0 1, 0 2, 1 0, 1 1, 1 2

Which loop structure is best for unknown repetition?

while loop

Which is best for a known range of repetition?

for loop

Which keyword defines a function?

def

What is the value returned by def calc(a,b): return 1+a+b called as calc(4,5)?

10

Which of the following is not a valid function stub?

Leaving the function body empty

What is the purpose of function stubs?

Helps with incremental programming and testing

What happens when a function finishes execution?

Control returns to the calling line.

What is a variable that stores a function's output called?

Return value

What is the special variable __main__ used for?

Indicates whether a script is being run directly or imported.

What is scope resolution in Python?

The process of searching namespaces for variable definitions.

What does my_list = [1,2,3,4]; my_list[0:-1:3] return?

[1, 4]

What is the output of 'Python'[0:3]?

Pyt

What does .sort() do to a list?

Modifies the list in place by sorting it.

What does sorted() return?

A new sorted list, leaving the original unchanged.

What will all([0,1,2]) return?

False

What is the result of [i**2 for i in [1,2,3,4]]?

[1, 4, 9, 16]

What is slicing?

Extracting a portion of a list or string using index notation.

What is the output of 'Berlin is the capital of Germany'[-18:]?

'capital of Germany'

What is NumPy used for?

Numerical computations and arrays

What is Pandas used for?

Data manipulation and analysis

What is Matplotlib used for?

Plotting and data visualization

What does np.transpose(arr) do?

Flips rows and columns in a NumPy array

What does dat.iloc[1:3, 0:2] select?

Rows 1-2 and columns 0-1 from a DataFrame

What does plt.scatter(x, y) do?

Creates a scatter plot

What does plt.plot(xx, 4*xx - 3) show?

A linear relationship between x and y

What command sets x-axis label?

plt.xlabel('Label')

What command sets a plot title?

plt.title('My Plot')

How do you access a value safely in a dictionary?

dict.get(key, default)

What is a dictionary comprehension example?

{x: x*x for x in range(5)}

What does mydict['third'] = 5 do?

Updates the key 'third' with value 5

What are curly braces {} used for?

To define a set or dictionary

What does {'yellow', 'red', 'green'} represent?

A set

What is the command to execute an SQL query in Python?

dbCursor.execute(query, data)

Which method retrieves all rows of the result set?

.fetchall()

What must be done after database operations?

Close the cursor using .close()

What does dataframe.insert() do in pandas?

Inserts a new column into a DataFrame

What is the output of not(x) and (y == a)?

True only when x is False and y equals a

What is a ternary operator in Python?

a = b if condition else c

What does % do in Python?

Returns the remainder of a division

What does // do?

Integer division

What is an example of operator precedence?

Multiplication before addition

What does this code output? i = 5; while i < 10: print(i); i += 1

Prints 5 6 7 8 9

What does this code output? x = 18; while x % 3 == 0: print(x, end=' '); x = x // 3

18 6 2

What's the purpose of break in a loop?

Immediately exits the current loop

What's the purpose of continue in a loop?

Skips the remaining body and proceeds to the next iteration

What does while i <= 6: x += i; i += 2 do?

Adds every other number (1, 3, 5) until 6

What does this output? for j in range(2): for k in range(4): if k == 2: break; print(f'{j}{k}', end=' ')

00 01 10 11

How do nested loops behave?

Inner loops complete all iterations for each outer loop iteration

What's the output? num = 10; while num <= 15: print(num, end=' '); if num == 12: break; num += 1

10 11 12

What happens if a while loop never changes its condition variable?

Infinite loop

What does this output? count = 0; while count < 3: print('loop'); count += 1; print(count)

Prints 'loop' 3 times and final value 3

What is the effect of indentation in Python loops?

Determines the scope of loop body — incorrect indentation causes IndentationError.

What does math.pow(2, 3) return?

8.0

What does math.sqrt(16) return?

4.0

What does math.ceil(0.3) return?

1

What's the result of round(4.6)?

5

Which module is used for random number generation?

random

What does random.randrange(7) do?

Returns a random integer between 0-6

What's the result of abs(-7)?

7

What does max(3, 5, 2) return?

5

What does min(3, 5, 2) return?

2

Which operator gives the remainder of a division?

%

What does // do?

Performs floor (integer) division

What's the operator for exponentiation?

**

What's the output of 2 * 3 * 2?

512 because it's right-associative: 2^(3^2)

Which library must be imported before using math.pow()?

import math

What does this output? def calc_square(x): return x * x; print(calc_square(calc_square(2)))

16

What is the output of print_shipping_charge(18) if defined with (item_weight * 0.95) for 15-20 range?

17.1

What is the output of print_shipping_charge(6) given the 0-10 range formula (item_weight * 0.75)?

4.5

What is the output of print_shipping_charge(25)?

Nothing printed — no matching elif condition