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If protein is the heritable material, how many unique sequences of 10 amino acids are possible?
20^10
If DNA is the heritable material, how many unique 10 DNA base pair sequences are possible?
4^10
Which biomolecule can encode the most unique sequences for a given length?
DNA
Based on Griffith's experiments, where can you conclude the heritable material is located?
Loosely attached to the cell wall/membrane
Which of the following could be used as a negative control in the Avery experiments?
Buffer solution only
Based on the results of Avery's experiments, which biomolecule most likely constitutes the heritable material?
DNA
Which DNA base pairs contain two rings?
Adenine and Guanine
The nitrogenous bases are held together by which kind of bonds?
Hydrogen bonds
What method of replication did Meselson & Stahl determine was used in DNA replications?
Semi-conservative
If DNA replication was conservative, after one generation how many bands in the Meselson & Stahl experiments would you expect?
2
In an adult, the gene encoding the fetal hemoglobin protein is most likely to be
Hypermethylated
What characteristics are important in the type of RNA that serves as the template for protein translation?
High turnover rate and variety of sizes
Which form of RNA is the most stable / long-lasting?
rRNA
You set up an experiment with yeast grown on lots of food (glucose) vs. very little glucose. Would you expect to see differences in the amount and make-up of tRNA between the two groups?
No
Under what conditions would you expect to find the highest levels of permease protein in E. Coli?
High lactose levels in the environment
Under what conditions would you expect to find the highest levels of LacI gene product in E. Coli?
Low lactose levels in the environment
Which of the following is not necessary for protein translation?
DNA/Chromosomes
Some amino acids are encoded by four codons. Which base of these codon can be altered without changing the encoded amino acids?
Third
Under what condition would you expect to see high amounts of insulin in the blood?
After eating a big meal and after drinking a surgery soda
What is the purpose of the first 24 proteins that are present in the translated ORF but not in the mature insulin protein?
Direct the protein to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which segments of mRNA are spliced out:
Introns
The fatal human illness called Huntington disease is caused by a dominant mutant allele. Calculate the probability that a couple will have a child with the disease if the father is heterozygous and the mother is homozygous recessive.
1 in 2 or 50%
The fatal human illness called Huntington disease is caused by a dominant mutant allele. Calculate the probability that a couple will have two children with the disease if the father is heterozygous and the mother is homozygous recessive.
1 in 4 or 25%
The fatal human illness called Huntington disease is caused by a dominant mutant allele. Calculate the probability that a couple will have a child with at least one copy of the recessive allele if the father is heterozygous and the mother is homozygous recessive.
1 in 1 or 100%
If you mated a YYSS pea plant with a yyss pea plant, how many green plants would you have in the F2 generation assuming you produced 16 pea plants?
4.0
If you mated a YYSS pea plant with a yyss pea plant, how many green smooth plants would you have in the F2 generation assuming you produced 16 pea plants?
3.0
If you cross a YySS plant with a yySs plant, how many yySs plants do you expect in the F1 generation if you produce 16 plants?
4.0
What do you predict would happen if you removed nutrients needed by E. coli to grow?
The cell would neither grow nor divide normally
If you wanted to have the greatest number of E. coli cells in your flask after 60 min, which experimental condition should you use?
30 degrees Celsius temp. with thymidine
Which type of cells undergo mitosis?
Eukaryotes
If only one mitotic spindle attached to the chromosomes during metaphase, how many chromosomes do you predict in the resulting daughter cells?
One cell would be tetraploid and one cell would have no chromosomes
Which type(s) of cells do you expect to frequently undergo mitosis in adults?
skin cells and gut epithelial cells
In a cell that undergoes mitosis but not cytokinesis, what do you expect to see?
A cell with multiple nuclei
When does chromatid recombination occur?
Prophase I of Meiosis
After meiosis, what composition of cells do you expect?
Four haploid cells
What type of chemical bond is the phosphate to sugar bond?
Covalent bond
What type of chemical bond is the base to base bond?
Hydrogen bond
DNA information is converted to RNA information through a process called?
Transcription
Transcription is performed by what enzyme?
RNA Polymerase
You can isolate RNA from cells and sort the RNA molecules by size using?
Gel Electrophoresis
What is closely associated with protein production?
Ribosomes
What form of RNA is critical for protein production?
tRNA
What process is it called, when ribosomes polymerize proteins into functional units from amino acids
Translation
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino Acids
Why is the third type of RNA the most difficult to see?
It is the least abundant
Why is the 3rd type of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA)?
The radioactive viral RNA brings genetic info to the ribosomes
What does the mRNA tell the ribosomes?
The correct sequence of amino acids to translate into the growing amino acid polymer that becomes a protein
The size range of mRNA is sufficiently diverse for what reason?
To encode proteins of different lengths
What do all proteins depend on?
The production of mRNA prior to protein synthesis
What is the central dogma?
When DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein
What can the carbohydrate lactose be used for?
For food by the bacterium when its preferred food, glucose, is not available
What are enzymes?
Proteins that accelerate a molecular process and are not consumed during the process
What are the two proteins that are critical for E. coli to consume lactose?
permease and B-galactosidase
Diploids
An organism that has two copies of genes instead of one
When different versions of a gene exist, each version is called a(n)
allele
When we are describing specific genes and alleles, we are describing a what?
A cell's genotype
Recessive Alleles
Alleles that are nonfunctional or have their encoded phenotype hidden by other alleles
What types of alleles have a visible effect on the phenotype?
Dominant alleles
Haploid Cells
Cells that have half the usual number of chromosomes
Operon
Indicates two or more genes regulated by a common organizer, promoter
What happens during translation?
Amino acids are connected to each other via new covalent bonds called peptide bonds
Dipeptide
The translation product from two amino acids
What are 64 triplets referred to as?
Codons
Genetic Code
The matrix of 64 codons
How does a ribosome "know" which amino acids should be used?
It's all up to if the amino acids "fit" correctly with the tRNA
What is required to form proteins in the cytoplasm using a genetic code in mRNA?
Ribosomes, mRNA, amino acids, and their tRNAS
Transcription produces RNA, but what do many cells need to process before these molecules are fully functional?
mRNA and proteins
What is spliced to form mRNA?
Eukaryotic RNA
Proteins are subject to?
Post-translational processing
What is insulin responsible for?
Regulating the amount of glucose sugar in your blood
What happens when your blood glucose levels are elevated?
A subset of your pancreas cells secretes insulin into your blood
What will bind to the insulin and import the glucose into these cells, storing the sugar for later use?
The liver, muscle, and fat cells
Why is the sugar stored?
So when the blood glucose levels go down the cells can release the sugar for use throughout the body
Why is the insulin gene longer?
It's RNA has been processed inside the nucleus
The mRNA segments that are translated into protein are referred to as?
Exons
What does post-translational processing mean?
After the protein is produced via translation, the newly formed protein will be biochemically modified before it can function properly
All ribosomes start translation floating freely in the cytoplasm unless?
The protein begins with a series of about 20 amino acid, called a signal sequence, which cause the ribosome to pause
Where does the ribosome dock onto when paused?
Part of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or rough ER (rER)
What happens when the ribosome is attached to the rER?
The protein is translated completely and is threaded into the lumen (interior) of the ER
Can you predict the length of a protein based on the length of the DNA gene?
No
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