unit 7 Decline of Empires and Causes of World War I

What was the term used to describe the Ottoman Empire's decline in Europe?

The 'Sick Man of Europe' to 'Dead Man of Europe'.

What was the Tanzimat Reform?

An attempt at defensive industrialization in the Ottoman Empire.

Who were the Young Ottomans?

A group of educated Ottomans advocating for liberal political reforms.

What significant political changes did the sultan agree to during the Young Ottomans' movement?

The creation of a parliament and a constitution.

What happened after Russia threatened the Ottoman Empire with war?

The sultan reverted to dictatorial rule.

How did nationalism affect the Ottoman Empire?

It led to the vision of the Ottomans as Turkic, excluding other ethnic groups, and eventually contributed to the empire's collapse.

What were some key reforms implemented in the Ottoman Empire?

Secularization of schools and law codes, establishment of political elections, and imposition of the Turkic language.

What was the impact of nationalistic policies on minorities in the Ottoman Empire?

They alienated minorities, leading to waves of nationalism that further fractured the empire.

What contributed to the collapse of the Russian Empire?

The Russian Revolution and the failure of state-sponsored industrialization.

What was the role of the middle class in the Russian Revolution?

They resented authoritarian policies and demanded representation in government.

Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution?

Vladimir Lenin.

What was the outcome of the Russian Revolution of 1917?

The Bolsheviks seized power and established a communist state, leading to the formation of the Soviet Union.

What were some problems faced by Qing China?

The Taiping Rebellion, loss in the Opium Wars, and loss in the Sino-Japanese War.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A revolt against Qing authorities viewed as foreigners, relying on Western powers for support.

Who was Sun Yat-sen?

A Western-educated leader who played a key role in the abdication of the Qing emperor.

What was the outcome of the Mexican Revolution?

Mexico emerged as a republic with a constitution that included reforms to prevent the causes of the Revolution.

Who were the prominent leaders of the peasant armies during the Mexican Revolution?

Poncho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

What was a significant consequence of World War I for the Russian Empire?

It exacerbated existing tensions and contributed to the Russian Revolution.

What did Nicholas II promise before ignoring reforms?

A constitution, labor unions, and labor parties.

What was the significance of the Taiping Rebellion in Qing China?

It resulted in millions of deaths and significant financial costs, weakening the Qing authority.

What was the outcome of the Sino-Japanese War for China?

China was unable to compete with industrialized Japan, leading to further decline.

What is militarism in the context of WWI?

The belief that states should build up strong militaries and employ them aggressively to protect their interests.

How did industrial manufacturing influence militarism before WWI?

States were able to produce military weapons in greater quantities and faster due to increased productivity.

Which country possessed the most powerful military force in Europe before WWI?

Germany, due to rapid industrialization and a massive military build-up.

What challenges did France face regarding its military strength before WWI?

France experienced internal problems, making its military less strong and fearful of Germany's rapid growth.

How did Great Britain's militarism affect its national resources?

Great Britain's strong sense of militarism drained its national resources faster than Germany.

What were the two major alliances in Europe before WWI?

The Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary) and the Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia).

What was the purpose of the alliances formed before WWI?

To create a balance of power for national security or to isolate rival states.

What role did mobilization timetables play in the outbreak of WWI?

Mobilization timetables for railroads were created to quickly deploy troops in case of war, making it difficult to stop once initiated.

What is imperialism and how did it contribute to tensions before WWI?

Imperialism was driven by the desire to project power globally, leading to conflicts over existing colonial holdings.

How did nationalism manifest in the lead-up to WWI?

Nationalism glorified one's own state while defining others as enemies, often through education and propaganda.

Who was Gavrilo Princip and what was his role in WWI?

Gavrilo Princip was a Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering the war.

What was the significance of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?

It caused an international conflict over a regional dispute, leading to the outbreak of WWI.

What is Total War?

A war that requires the mobilization of a country's entire population, both military and civilian, to contribute to the war efforts.

How did propaganda function during WWI?

Propaganda motivated sacrifices, boosted morale, and demonized enemies, often exaggerating their atrocities.

What were some new military technologies used in WWI?

Machine guns, chemical gas, and tanks contributed to making WWI the deadliest war in history.

What was trench warfare and its impact during WWI?

Trench warfare involved digging miles of trenches for protection, leading to stalemates and high casualties without progress.

What was the Schlieffen Plan?

A military strategy developed by Germany to quickly defeat France before turning to fight Russia.

What was the outcome of WWI?

The war lasted four years, resulted in many casualties, and ended with the Central Powers losing and the Allied Powers winning.

What was the Treaty of Versailles?

The treaty that marked the end of WWI and imposed heavy reparations on Germany, contributing to future conflicts.

What caused German hyperinflation after WWI?

The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay reparations, leading to debt and excessive money printing.

What was the New Economic Policy instituted by Vladimir Lenin?

A policy that introduced limited free market principles while keeping major institutions under state control.

What was Joseph Stalin's Five Year Plan?

A plan aimed at rapidly industrializing the Soviet Union by increasing industrial capacity within five years.

What was collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union?

The merging of small farms into large collective farms owned by the state to support industrial centers.

What was the Holodomor?

A man-made famine in Ukraine that resulted in millions starving to death due to agricultural policies.

How did the Great Depression affect Europe?

The US's inability to fund European powers after the stock market crash led to the Great Depression becoming a global crisis.

What major economic program did Roosevelt introduce to address the Great Depression?

The New Deal.

What type of projects did the New Deal focus on to put people to work?

Infrastructure projects.

What government-sponsored programs were introduced during the New Deal?

A retirement program and government medical insurance for the elderly and children.

What event is said to have eventually solved the US's economic issues?

World War II.

What was the outcome for colonial holdings during the interwar period?

European powers and Japan maintained their colonial holdings, and some states gained colonial territory as a result of the war.

What significant political change occurred in Turkey after World War I?

The emergence of the Republic of Turkey led by Ataturk.

What was the Mandate System in the Middle East?

Territories were administered by the League of Nations following the Paris Peace Conference that aimed to dismantle the Ottoman and German empires.

Who was Woodrow Wilson and what principle did he advocate during peace negotiations?

The US president who insisted that self-determination should guide post-war governance.

What are Class C Mandates?

Territories with the smallest populations and least development, treated as colonies.

What are Class B Mandates?

Territories with larger populations but still underdeveloped, including most of Germany's colonies in Africa.

What are Class A Mandates?

Territories with large populations that are sufficiently developed and suitable for independence and self-rule.

Which countries occupied Iraq and Palestine under the Mandate System?

Britain occupied Iraq and Palestine.

Which countries occupied Syria and Lebanon under the Mandate System?

France occupied Syria and Lebanon.

What was the reaction of the colonies to the Mandate System?

It enraged the colonies and led to anti-colonial resistance.

What significant action did Japan take to expand its empire?

Japan invaded Manchuria to gain access to resources.

What was the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?

A concept promoting Japan's expansion and dominance in Asia.

What was the Indian National Congress and its purpose?

Formed before WWI to petition the British government for greater self-rule in India.

Who was Mohandas Gandhi and what was his role in Indian resistance?

He led Indians in peaceful protests against British domination.

What was the African National Congress?

Founded in South Africa by Western-educated lawyers and journalists to obtain equal rights for colonial subjects.

What is Pan-Africanism?

A movement aimed at the equality and unity of all black people across the world.