Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs)

BMP-1

Metalloproteinase that cleaves procollagen I-III; not part of TGF-β superfamily.

BMP-2

Induces osteoblast differentiation and plays a major role in bone formation.

BMP-3

Also called osteogenin; inhibits osteogenesis and regulates bone density negatively.

BMP-4

Regulates early embryonic development, limb patterning, and osteoblast differentiation.

BMP-5

Involved in cartilage development, joint formation, and skeletal repair.

BMP-6

Regulates iron homeostasis via hepcidin expression and promotes cartilage development.

BMP-7

Also called OP-1; crucial for renal development and bone homeostasis.

BMP-8

Involved in spermatogenesis, thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, and bone differentiation.

BMP-9

Also called GDF-2; potent inducer of osteogenesis and blood vessel homeostasis.

BMP-10

Essential for embryonic cardiac development, trabeculation, and vascular function.

BMP-11

Also called GDF-11; regulates anterior-posterior axial patterning during development.

BMP-12

Also called GDF-7; promotes tendon and ligament formation and repair.

BMP-13

Also called GDF-6; involved in tendon, ligament, and joint formation.

BMP-14

Also called GDF-5; critical for joint formation and cartilage development.

BMP-15

Also called GDF-9B; plays a vital role in oocyte maturation and folliculogenesis.