Mushrooms Final

Morels

Weird cup fungi in genus Morchella. Phylum Ascomycota. Have a hollow stalk. Its stem and cap are joined at the base of the stem-- no more than halfway into the cap. People look for these in the Spring. In temperate

Usually in the spring, but in temperate climates fall is the best season (wild mushrooms associate with tree roots and in the fall tree roots rich in nutrients)

When do people look for morels?

Dutch Elm Disease

Morels like these types of dying trees. What is the disease?

Yes. vomiting, cramping, diarrhea (after 10 min to 4 hours). Toxins which make it poisonous are unknown

Are raw morels poisonous?

Meadow Mushroom (Agaricus campestris)

Relative of commercial button mushrooms. Fruit in fairy rings in lawns

Agaricus

These spore prints are choc brown

Blewits (Lepista nuda)

lovely purple mushroom with a pale pink spore print that likes to eat old wood chips.

Chanterelles

These shrooms are often mistaken with poisonous jack o'lantern mushrooms

No

Is there a single reliable kitchen or field test for poisons in mushrooms?

Charles McIlvaine

American mycologist that tried over 600 shrooms and his book started a shroom craze

the destroying angel

Amanita bisporigera is deadly and contains toxins

Death cap

Amanita phalloides. Symbiotic with trees, accounts for 90% of mushroom deaths worldwide, half a cap can kill someone. Human mortality 12 to 60%

Amatoxins

deadliest mushroom toxins. Cause death through liver failure.

Nope. Must ingest

Can you get poisoned by smelling or touching shrooms?

Yes, of course.

Are squirrels immune to amatoxins?

Tummy ache

Most common symptom from mushroom poisoning

Boletus satanus

a type of poisonous bolete

Species of Hydnum

have teeth rather than gills or tubes

Chicken-of-the-Woods (Laetiporus sulphureus)

Good if on hardwoods; Tummy ache if consumed

Pleurotus ostreatus

Oyster mushrooms. Grow wild, also cultivated

Nope. Only some

Can all mushrooms be cultivated?

T

T/F mushrooms can be mycorrhizal with trees

Ascomycota

Why phylum are truffles in?

truffles

This fungus led to the discovery of mycorrhizae, a symbiosis between plant roots and fungi

mycorrhizae

a symbiosis between plant roots and fungi

Tuber melanosporum

:Latin name for French (Perigord) black truffle

Tuber magnatum

Latin name for Italian white truffle?

Mycophobia

Fear of mushrooms

Gordon and Tina Wasson

A couple who's hobby is to study "mushrooms and toadstools in the folklore of the world"

Mycophilia

Love of mushrooms term

Richard Evan Schultes

Harvard professor, plant explorer, ethnobotanist. In 1941 he took expeditions in South & Central America. He worked with Roger Heim, French scientist and mushroom taxonomist

Maria Sabina

Shaman from Mexico. Introduced Wassons to teonanacatl (psychic mushrooms)

Psilocybe

Almost all magical mushrooms belong to genus ______

Albert Hoffman

Who discovered LSD

Advocates of Magical Mushrooms

Who were Timothy Leary and Terence McKenna?

Psilocybin

_____ is the active component to magical mushrooms

No

Does repeated use of magical shrooms lead to chemical dependency or addiction?

Psilocybe

Many ____ species turn blue when bruised.

Paul Stamets

American mycologist, author and advocate of bioremediation and medicinal fungi. Found mushroom that saved mother's life

Yes

Can existing schizophrenia be triggered by shrooms?

In all states but CA, GA, ID

Can you possess spores of magical mushrooms?

1

Magical mushrooms are classied as Schedule ___ drugs

psilocybin, psilocin

Shrooms that contain those that contain _____ and ______ illegal under both federal and state laws

Once they start to grow and creating compounds

When do magical mushrooms become illegal?

Galerina

Magical mushrooms in Psilocybe genus can look like ______ which contains deadly amatoxins

Gymnopilus spectabilis

Called "Big Laughing Gym" and contains psilocybin. Has a rusty brown spore print; grows on wood. It's look alike is Jack o'Lantern mushroom

(Omphalotus illudens)

Omphalotus illudens

Jack o'Lantern mushroom latin name

Ergot (LSD) 2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ethanol) Psilocybe (magical mushrooms) and Amanita muscaria (fly agaric)

Name 4 types of Mind-Alternating fungi

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Latin name for yeast. Makes ethanol.

Carsten Höller

Who is the contemporary artist with a PhD in Biology who likes to make Amanita art

Red

In western north America Amanita is colored _____

Yellow

In eastern north America Amanita is colored _____

Amanita muscaria

The Mario Bros were inspired by what mushroom?

ibotenic acid and muscimol

The 2 mind altering compounds of the fly agaric are ____ and _____

ibotenic acid, muscimol

______ converts into _____ upon drying with the Amanita muscaria

Amanita pantherina

An even stronger mushroom than Amanita muscaria

Completely different chemistry. Completely different mode of action

How do Amanita muscaria and Psilocybe mushrooms differ? (2)

Amanita muscaria (chemicals are not regulated by law)

This mind-altering mushroom is legal to possess

Amanita muscaria

Which mushroom was traditionally used for catching and killing flies?

Fresh Amanita contains a neurotoxin (ibotenic acid) that causes brain lesions— drying the mushrooms converts much of it to muscimol

Why do people dry Amanita muscaria mushrooms?

carbon dioxide

As wood rot fungi break down wood, they release _________

Lichens

______ are a mutualistic partnership of fungi with algae

No

Do lichens have an underground mycelium?

We call them by the name of the fungus & ignore algal partner

How do we name Lichens?

Yes

Can lichen fungi ever be mushrooms?

They can

Do lichens ever make sexual spores?

Soredia

powdery little fungus-alga packets

yeast (helps create a lichen's surface)

What is the third lichen symbiont and what does it do?

lichens

________ make powerful acids to grip the rock and begin soil formation

lichens

______ are sensitive to air pollution

lichens

______ dominate the landscape in extreme environments

lichens

Sometimes can use_______ to date archeological artifacts

lichens

Hummingbirds like _____ for their nests

lichens

______ can fix carbon

myccorhizal

Amanita mushrooms are __________ fungi

90

______ % of plants form symbiotic relationships with fungi

lichens and Amanita mushrooms

Reindeer like to eat _____ and ______

Albert Frank

Who discovered mycorrhizae?

Plants give 10-25% of sugars made to fungal partners

How do plants benefit from mycorrhizae?

1) Increased absorption of nutrients & H2O 2) More access to nitrogen and phosphorus 3) Protection from diseases 4) Can grow in places otherwise could not 5) Join an underground social network

How does mycorrhizae benefit from plants? (5)

Ectomycorrhizae and Endomycorrhizae

What are the 2 types of mycorrhizae?

Ectomycorrhizae

Type of mycorrhizae that mostly mushrooms (Basidiomycota) and some cup fungi (Ascomycota) are in.

Endomycorrhizae

_______ is also called arbuscular mycorrhizae

Endomycorrhizae

Type of mycorrhizae that phylum Glomeromycota are in.

Endomycorrhizae

Type of mycorrhizae where fungus is mostly within root cells

Ectomycorrhizae

Type of mycorrhizae where the fungus surrounds the root cells

Ectomycorrhizae

Trees and shrubs have this type of mycorrhizae

Endomycorrhizae

Most herbaceous plants have this type of mycorrhizae

arbuscule

_____ is a fungus structure that lives within a plant root cell to transfer nutrients

Chanterelles Boletes, Matsutake, Black trumpets, Lactarius, Death Caps

Mushrooms that are ectomycorrhizal (5)

T

T/F Truffles are mycorrhizal

Ascomycota

Truffles are a part of which phylum?

F

T/F Rainforest soil is very fertile

Agaricus bisporus

What is the latin name for the familiar supermarket mushroom that is native to Europe

Yes. It makes them produce vitamin D

Does a brief exposure of sunlight do anything for mushrooms?

Agaritine

Button mushrooms Agaricus contain a hydrazine compound called _____ that is a potential carcinogen

Yes

Are portobello, cremini, and white button mushrooms varieties of the same species?

F

T/F Mycorrhizal mushrooms are cultivated

Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.), shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) and lion's mane ( Hericium spp.)

3 commonly cultivated mushrooms that are primary decomposers:

Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and inky caps (coprinus spp.)

2 commonly cultivated mushrooms that are secondary decomposers: