Biol 226 (A&P II) Lab Exercise 11 - Renal Anatomy and Physiology; Urinalysis

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88 Terms

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Cortex

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Medulla

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Minor calyx

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Major calyx

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Renal artery

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Renal vein

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Renal pelvis

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Renal pyramid

What individual structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What individual structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Ureter

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Interlobar arteries and veins

What structures of the kidneys are located where the blue arrow is pointing?

<p>What structures of the kidneys are located where the blue arrow is pointing?</p>
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Cortical radiate arteries and veins

What structures of the kidneys are located where the blue arrow is pointing?

<p>What structures of the kidneys are located where the blue arrow is pointing?</p>
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Arcuate arteries and veins

What structures of the kidneys are located where the blue arrow is pointing?

<p>What structures of the kidneys are located where the blue arrow is pointing?</p>
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Cortical nephron

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Juxtamedullary nephron

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Collecting duct

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Interlobar vein

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Interlobar artery

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Arcuate vein

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Arcuate artery

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Cortical radiate vein

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Cortical radiate artery

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Afferent arteriole

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Efferent arteriole

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Peritubular capillaries

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Glomerulus

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Glomerulus

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Glomerular capsule

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
28
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Afferent arteriole

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
29
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Efferent arteriole

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Distal convoluted tubule

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Proximal convoluted tubule

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Descending limb of the nephron loop

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Ascending limb of the nephron loop

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Nephron loop

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Efferent arteriole

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Afferent arteriole

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Glomerulus

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Glomerular capsule

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Proximal convoluted tubule

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Descending limb of the nephron loop

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Ascending limb of the nephron loop

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Nephron loop

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Peritubular capillary

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Distal convoluted tubule

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Collecting duct

What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidneys is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Transitional epithelium of the bladder

What tissue is depicted on the slide above the pointer?

<p>What tissue is depicted on the slide above the pointer?</p>
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Basement membrane

What cells of transitional epithelium are located where the pointer is at?

<p>What cells of transitional epithelium are located where the pointer is at?</p>
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Ureter

Transitional epithelium

What structure/organ is depicted on this microscope slide?

What tissue makes up a majority of it?

<p>What structure/organ is depicted on this microscope slide?</p><p>What tissue makes up a majority of it?</p>
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Transitional epithelium

What type of tissue makes up the inner lining of the ureter?

<p>What type of tissue makes up the inner lining of the ureter?</p>
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Cortex of the kidney

There are glomerular corpuscles present in the cortex. They are not present in the medulla

What layer of tissue of which organ is depicted on this slide? How can you tell?

<p>What layer of tissue of which organ is depicted on this slide? How can you tell?</p>
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Medulla of the kidney

There are no glomerular corpuscles present and there are numerous visible collecting ducts

What layer of tissue of which organ is depicted on this slide? How can you tell?

<p>What layer of tissue of which organ is depicted on this slide? How can you tell?</p>
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Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule (in the cortex)

What structure of the kidney is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidney is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Collecting ducts (in the medulla)

What structure of the kidney are the blue arrows pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidney are the blue arrows pointing at?</p>
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Glomerulus

What structure of the kidney is the pointer placed on?

<p>What structure of the kidney is the pointer placed on?</p>
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Renal tubules (in the cortex)

What structure of the kidney is the blue arrow pointing at?

<p>What structure of the kidney is the blue arrow pointing at?</p>
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Urinary bladder

Transitional epithelium

What organ is depicted on the slide? What type of tissue is the main component?

<p>What organ is depicted on the slide? What type of tissue is the main component?</p>
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Ureter

Note the smooth muscle layer surrounding the transitional epithelium

What organ is depicted on this slide?

<p>What organ is depicted on this slide?</p>
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Renal artery → Interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → cortical radiate arteries → afferent arteriole → glomerular capillaries → glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → descending limb of nephron loop → ascending limb of nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

What is the pathway of a molecule as it travels from the renal artery to the urethra? Assume this molecule freely filters and is not reabsorbed.

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Renal artery → Interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → cortical radiate arteries → afferent arteriole → glomerular capillaries → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries → proximal convoluted tubule → descending limb of nephron loop → ascending limb of nephron loop → distal convoluted tubule → collecting duct → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra

What is the pathway of a molecule as it travels from the renal artery to the urethra. Assume this molecule does not filter and is actively secreted

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The main function of the kidneys is to regulate the composition and volume of body fluids. Volume directly impacts blood pressure.

Discuss the relationship between urinary function (primarily water and electrolyte balance) and cardiovascular function

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The kidney functions to maintain fluid composition and volume in the body. This fluid composition and volume has an ideal concentration of water present, so if the volumes of water in the body change drastically, the kidneys change aspects of their function to retain or excrete water. The kidney's function to control water volume allows the removal or retention of H+ ions to regulate pH as well

Discuss the relationship between kidney function, the control of water volume, and pH regulation

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The kidneys have the ability to to excrete H+ ions to raise pH or retain H+ to lower pH. The respiratory system can increase the amount of respirations to expel CO2 and raise pH; it can also decrease the amount of respirations to maintain CO2 and lower pH. Your respiratory system can either retain or lose CO2 to minimize changes in pH, and your renal system can either retain or lose H+ to correct problems with pH.

Discuss the relationship between urinary function and respiratory function as they work together to regulate blood pH

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Be able to use a flow chart to arrive at a patient diagnosis using his/her medical history, information from a brief physical exam, patient statement, and urinalysis result.

<p>Be able to use a flow chart to arrive at a patient diagnosis using his/her medical history, information from a brief physical exam, patient statement, and urinalysis result.</p>
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Nephron

This is the basic functional unit of the kidney

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Renal pelvis

This is the expanded superior end of a ureter located within a renal sinus

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Arcuate artery and vein

These blood vessels run along the border between renal cortex and renal medulla

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Medulla

This is the inner region of the kidney

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Cortex

This is the outer region of the kidney where all renal corpuscles are located

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Glomerular capsule

This is the expanded end of renal tubule systems that receive the filtrate

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Afferent arteriole

This arteriole delivers blood to the glomerulus

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Efferent arteriole

This arteriole takes blood away from the glomerulus

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Renal artery and vein

These are the major blood vessels that deliver blood to and take blood away from the kidneys

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Cortical radiate arteries

Afferent arterioles branch directly off of these arteries

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Distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct

These are the two regions of the renal tubule that anti-diuretic hormone binds to

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Descending limb of nephron loop

This segment of the nephron loop is permeable to water

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interlobar arteries and veins

These are blood vessels in the renal medulla that pass between renal pyramids

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Proximal convoluted tubule

This is the region of the renal tubule where the majority of reabsorption occurs

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Ureter

These are muscular, tube-like structures that carry urine away from the kidneys. This is capable of peristaltic contractions

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Ascending limb of the nephron loop

This segment of the nephron loop is impermeable to water. Sodium ions are actively transported out of this segment

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Peritubular capillaries

These are blood vessels found surrounding the renal tubules

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Alcohol and caffeine both interfere with the action of ADH. Alcohol prevents ADH secretion while caffeine blocks ADH binding

A young lady goes to a wine tasting party and enjoys the many varieties of red wines. During the night she has to get up several times to urinate, and when she gets up in the morning her mouth is dry, she is very thirsty, and she feels dizzy. She decides that coffee will help her feel better, but after several cups she actually feels worse. Explain her symptoms and why coffee actually made her feel worse.

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At 60 mm Hg, the forces favoring filtration do not exceed those opposing filtration. If MAP is this low, the last thing you want to do is lose more volume. Retaining volume will help maintain pressure

If mean arterial pressure (MAP) drops below approximately 60 mm Hg, filtration at the glomerulus stops. Discuss the reasons why filtration would stop if MAP fell below this level (consider the pressures necessary for filtration to occur) and why this response is advantageous.

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ACE (angiotensinogen converting enzyme) activates angiotensin, which is a vasoconstrictor. Hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure, and vasoconstriction would act to increase pressure further. Inhibiting the activation of angiotensin could help keep blood pressure lower by promoting vasodilation

Explain why drugs called ACE inhibitors could be effective in treating hypertension.

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Inhibition of ADH could limit the ability to conserve water, leading to dehydration. The patient will likely have to urinate frequently and be thirsty all the time

Lithium is used to treat certain psychiatric conditions. Chronic lithium ingestion, however, appears to affect the renal tubules by entering the collecting tubule cells through sodium channels, accumulating and interfering with the normal response to ADH in a mechanism that is not yet fully understood. Explain the effects this will have on the patient.

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Retention of CO2 = respiratory acidosis

Kidneys should excrete H+ to raise pH

For this situation, discuss the impact this condition would have on the individual's blood pH, and how the individual's renal system (if respiratory origin) or respiratory system (if metabolic origin) would respond to compensate for this change in blood pH.

An individual is suffering from emphysema.

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Hyperventilation = loss of CO2 = respiratory alkalosis

Kidneys should retain H+ to lower pH

For this situation, discuss the impact this condition would have on the individual's blood pH, and how the individual's renal system (if respiratory origin) or respiratory system (if metabolic origin) would respond to compensate for this change in blood pH.

An individual is placed in an experimental chamber in which the percentage of oxygen in the air is only 11% (nitrogen concentration is increased to 88%). The very low level of oxygen stimulates chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies.

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Retention of acid = metabolic acidosis.

Respirations should increase to expel CO2 and raise pH

For this situation, discuss the impact this condition would have on the individual's blood pH, and how the individual's renal system (if respiratory origin) or respiratory system (if metabolic origin) would respond to compensate for this change in blood pH.

An individual is suffering from uremia, a condition in which the kidneys fail to excrete normal amounts of acid.

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Loss of acid = metabolic alkalosis

Respirations should decrease to retain CO2 and lower pH

For this situation, discuss the impact this condition would have on the individual's blood pH, and how the individual's renal system (if respiratory origin) or respiratory system (if metabolic origin) would respond to compensate for this change in blood pH.

An individual is suffering from hypertension and has been given a prescription for a diuretic. One potential consequence of taking diuretics for an extended period of time is the excessive loss of H+ in the urine.