Endocrine A&P

What are the hypothalamic releasing hormones?

GHRH, TRH, CRH, GnRH

What are the hypothalamic inhibitory hormones

somatostatin + dopamine

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

infundibulum

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FHS, LH, MSH

What hormones do the posterior pituitary release?

oxytocin + ADH

What is the pathway of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH)?

CRH (hypothalamus) → ACTH (pituitary) → cortisol (adrenal)

What is the pathway of thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)?

TRH (hypothalamus) → TSH (pituitary) → T3/T4 (thyroid)

What is the pathway of growth-hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)?

GHRH (hypothalamus) → GH (pituitary) → bones + liver (IGF-1)

What is the pathway of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)?

GRH (hypothalamus) → LH/FSH (pituitary) → gonads

What cells in the pineal gland secrete melatonin?

photoreceptive cells

What are the functions of T3?

The four B’s:
1) Brain maturation
2) Bone growth
3) B-adrenergic effects
4) Basal metabolic rate increase

What stimulates the release of calcitonin?

increase in serum calcium levels

What is the function of calcitonin?

inhibits osteoclast activity, increases urine excretion of calcium + phosphate, decreases GI calcium absorption

What is the clinical correlation of calcitonin?

tumor marker for medullary thyroid CA

What cells of the parathyroid product PTH?

chief cells

What controls the secretion of PTH?

decrease in serum calcium level

What are the actions of PTH?

increase serum calcium concentration → increase osteoclast activity → increase renal reabsorption of calcium → stimulate vitamin D activation

What part of the adrenal cortex produces Aldosterone?

zona glomerulosa (outermost layer)

What part of the adrenal cortex produces cortisol?

zona fasciculata (inner most layer)

What layer of the adrenal cortex produces androgens/estrogen?

zona reticularis (inner cortical layer)

What portion of the adrenal gland is the adrenal medulla?

the inner portion

What are primary endocrine disorders?

they occur at the target gland

What are secondary endocrine disorder?s

they occur at the pituitary gland

What are tertiary endocrine disorder?

they occur at the hypothalamus