APUSH 2.2 Unit Review

What economic theory guided European colonization?

Mercantilism (colonies existed to benefit the mother country).

When did England start enforcing mercantilism strongly?

After the English Civil War, with the Navigation Acts of 1651.

What were the rules of the Navigation Acts?

1.All trade had to be on English ships.

2. All imports to the colonies had to pass through England first.

3. Enumerated goods (like tobacco) could only be exported to England.

Why were the Navigation Acts hard to enforce?

Smuggling, distance from colonies, and England’s domestic issues.

What is Salutary Neglect?

Britain’s policy of loosely enforcing trade laws in the colonies.

Postive and Negative effects of the Navigation Acts for colonists?

• Encouraged shipbuilding and protected markets.

• Limited trade freedom and fostered resentment.

What was Triangular Trade?

A trade system linking the Americas, Europe, and Africa.

What did the Americas export in Triangular Trade?

Tobacco, rum, furs, and crops.

What did Europe export in Triangular Trade?

Manufactured goods

What did Africa provide in Triangular Trade?

Enslaved Africans

What was an indentured servant?

A person who worked 4–8 years for passage to Americas.

What was the headright system?

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage migration and the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

Why did colonies shift from indentured servitude to slavery?

Fewer Europeans, Africans were forced and more profitable

How did Powhatan interact with Jamestown settlers early on?

Traded food like corn, but conflict grew over land and resources

What devastated the Powhatan people?

War disease,displacement.

What was the Wampanoag alliance with Plymouth like at first?

Helped Pilgrims survive; later broke down into King Philip’s War.

What caused King Philip’s War?

English expansion and execution of 3 Wampanoag men.

What happened in King Philip’s War?

Natives attacked towns, but Mohegan and Pequot allied with English.

What was the outcome of King Philip’s War?

Thousands killed, many Natives enslaved, Native resistance weakened.

What caused Bacon’s Rebellion?

Frontier settlers angry over land and government’s Indian policies.

What happened during Bacon’s Rebellion?

Attacked Native villages, burned Jamestown, challenged colonial elite.

What was a major effect of Bacon’s Rebellion?

Class division, worry over indentured and african slave teaming up to revolt against govt, more stricter laws against slaves (slave code), racism

What factors increased reliance on African slavery?

Decline in indentured servants, profitability, and forced labor system.

What were slave codes?

Laws treating enslaved people as property, making slavery hereditary.

About how many enslaved Africans were in the U.S. by 1860?

4 million

What were some forms of everyday resistance to slavery?

Slowing work, feigning illness, sabotage, escape, maintaining culture.

How many slave rebellions occurred in colonial America?

Around 250.

What happened in the Stono Rebellion (1739)?

20 slaves killed whites (plantation owners), burned houses, marched for freedom

What was the outcome of the Stono Rebellion?

Many rebels killed or captured; slave laws tightened.

Colonial population in 1701?

About 250,000.

What religions dominated New England?

Puritans/Congregationalists.

What was the main economy of New England?

Subsistence farming, trade, fishing, shipbuilding.

What was the main economy of the Southern Colonies?

Cash crops like tobacco, rice, indigo on plantations with slaves.

What was the Great Awakening?

: A religious revival movement in the 1730s–40s.

Who was Jonathan Edwards?

Preacher/ minister leader of the great awakening, made “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

Who was George Whitefield?

Evangelist who spread the great awakening , stressed personal faith.

How did the Great Awakening affect colonial identity?

Encouraged independence of thought, challenged authority, inspired revolution.

Who was at the top of colonial society, and who made up the majority?

Wealthy landowners were at the top; craft workers and small farmers made up the majority.

How could white residents improve their social status?

Through hard work, they could improve their standard of living and status.

What were men and women roles in colonial families?

Men: They owned property, worked as farmers or artisans, and legally could discipline (beat) their wives.

Women: Women often had ~8 children, worked in the home and alongside husbands, divorce was rare.

What caused the population boom in the colonies?

Families, migration, slavery

How did Britain control the colonial economy through money? (Monetary System)

Colonists had limited gold and silver, which Britain forced them to use for imports, creating trade imbalance.

How did colonists travel and communicate?

By horse, stagecoach, taverns as rest/news spots, and postal routes via horses and small ships.

What divided Old Lights and New Lights?

Old Lights opposed emotional preaching; New Lights supported expressive, emotional worship

How did the Great Awakening affect colonial society?

Encouraged religious independence, challenged authority, promoted church/state separation, and planted seeds for revolution.

How was education and the press important in the colonies?

New England had tax-supported schools; the Zenger case expanded press freedom by protecting criticism of government.

How did John Locke’s Enlightenment ideas influence colonists?

Promoted natural rights, government by consent, and the right to revolt, these ideas shaped the American Revolution.