Parasitology Exam 4

Cryptosporidium parvum infective

sporulated oocysts ingested from contaminated food/water

Cryptosporidium parvum diagnosis

Oocyst in stool

Cryptosporidium parvum maturation

small intestine, diarrhea

Cryptosporidium parvum life cycle

oocysts

sporozoites

trophozoites

merozoites/gametocytes

Cryptosporidium parvum prevention

Soap (resistant to chlorine and alcohol)

Cryptosporidium parvum treatment

symptom management

Toxoplasma gondii infective stage

oocysts ingested from undercooked meat or cat litter

Toxoplasma gondii diagnosis

oocysts in stool

Toxoplasma gondii life cycle

Oocysts
sporozoites

cysts in tissue

Toxoplasma gondii hosts

definitieve: cats

intermediate: humans

Toxoplasma gondii pathology

crosses placenta

dangerous to fetus

asymptomatic

Babesia microti infective

sporozoites injected into bloodstream

Babesia microti life cycle human

oocyst

sporozoite

trophozoite

merozoite

Babesia microti life cycle ticks

oocyst

sporozoites

gametocytes

sporozoites

Babesia microti hosts

definitive: ticks

intermediate: mice and humans

Babesia microti maturation

blood

Babesia microti symptoms

flu like symptoms and blood related diseases

Plasmodium vivax epidemology

80% of cases

Tropics and subtropics

Plasmodium falciparum epidemology

15% of cases

Subtropics

Plasmodium ovalae epidemology

Rare

West Africa

Plasmodium malariae epidemology

Rare

Spotty locations

Plasmodium hosts

Definitive: mosquitos

Intermediate: Humans

Plasmodium malariae pathology

Quartan

Plasmodium vivax pathology

Benign tertain

Plasmodium falciparum pathology

Malignant tertain

What plasmodium species has acute benign as a symptom?

Vivax

Malariae

Ovalae

nausea, vomiting, sweat

What plasmodium species has acute malignant as a symptom?

Falciparum

cerebral malaria

What plasmodium species has black fever as a symptom?

Falciparum

Hemolytic syndrome

What plasmodium species has malarial cachexia as a symptom?

All plasmodium species

Paroxysms

What plasmodium species doesn’t have a chronic liver stage?

Falciparum

Plasmodium diagnosis

Thick and thin blood smear, golden standard tests

Morphological adaptations

Larger size

Shape

Attachments - hooks, suckers

Body surface - cuticle (nematodes), absorptive surface (trematodes)

Reproductive system

Reproductive cysts in protozoa

Majority of body mass

Hermaphroditic

Sexual/asexual stages

Special reproductive system of diphyllobothrium latum

Bioaccumulation

Special reproductive system of strongyloides

Free and parasitic parts of life cycle

Non-specific immunity

Phagocytosis

Inflammation

Specific immunity

B cells (humoral-immunoglobulin)

T cells (cell mediated immunity)

Ascaris lumbricoides immune response

Avoid immune system of host

Necator americanus immune response

Avoid immune system, partial inflammation due to tissue invader

Trichinella spiralis immune response

Tissue invader, leaves larvae behind

Trichinella spiralis immune cycle

Worms antigens stimulate T and B cells

B cells make Ab in lymph node

T secretes lymphokines and antibody

White blood cells become inflamed and move to the next tissue

T cells (cell mediated most important)

Schistosoma mansoni immune response

Molecular mimicry/antigen masking

SR Smither’s experiment

Worms survive using molecular mimicry by getting blood group antigens on the surface

Immunity against schistosomules

Antibody and white blood cells

Trickle infection

Trypanosoma gambianse immune response

Antigenetic variation

Antigenetic variation

New antibody against glycoprotein and changing glycoprotein

Fluctuates

Plasmodium life cycle

mosquito

sporozoites

trophozoites

schzoint (liver)/gametocytes (RBC)