A&P I Practice Test: Tissues, Integumentary System, Bones, and Muscles

Vocabulary flashcards generated from A&P I lecture review materials covering Tissues, Integumentary System, Bones, Skeleton, and Muscles.

Epithelial tissue

Tissue containing tightly packed cells with very little extracellular material resting on a basement membrane; specialized for covering, lining, and secretion.

Simple squamous epithelium

A single thin layer of flat cells best suited for rapid diffusion across a thin surface.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Tissue with multiple layers of cells and flattened cells at the apical surface, best adapted for protection from abrasion.

Transitional epithelium

Epithelial tissue specialized for stretching, such as in the urinary bladder.

Blood

Connective tissue that has a fluid matrix and transports cells and dissolved substances.

Dense regular connective tissue

Connective tissue providing strong attachment between muscle and bone.

Fibrocartilage

Cartilage found in intervertebral discs that is especially resistant to compression.

Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage commonly found in the trachea that provides flexible support.

Muscle tissue

Tissue type primarily responsible for contraction and movement.

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones, featuring long cylindrical fibers with many nuclei located near the periphery.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle lacking striations, found in the walls of hollow organs and the digestive tract.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue with branching cells and intercalated discs that pumps blood through the heart.

Nervous tissue

Tissue specialized for rapid communication using electrical signals, containing large cells with long processes.

Collagen fibers

Connective tissue fibers that provide great tensile strength.

Connective tissue

Tissue characterized by a large amount of extracellular matrix relative to its cells.

Fibroblasts

Cell type that produces most of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue.

Bone (Tissue)

Tissue containing cells embedded in a solid extracellular matrix containing mineral salts.

Stratum basale

Deepest epidermal layer containing cells undergoing frequent mitosis for new epidermal cell production.

Stratum granulosum

Epidermal layer containing keratinocytes that are becoming filled with keratin.

Melanocytes

Cells that produce the pigment melanin.

Dermis

Skin layer containing blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles.

Sebaceous gland

Gland that produces oily secretions that help lubricate skin and hair.

Eccrine sweat gland

Gland primarily responsible for watery sweat used in thermoregulation.

Hypodermis

Layer of skin composed mainly of areolar and adipose connective tissue.

Second-degree burn

A burn that destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis.

Hair matrix

Structure responsible for producing the hard keratinized portion of a hair.

Vitamin D

Vitamin synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight.

Osteoblast

Bone cell responsible for building new bone matrix.

Osteoclast

Bone cell responsible for breaking down/resorbing bone tissue.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Osteon

The functional unit of compact bone, visible as circular layers surrounding a central canal.

Central canal

Structure located at the center of an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves supplying bone tissue.

Spongy bone

Bone tissue organized into trabeculae.

Endochondral ossification

Type of bone formation that begins with a cartilage model.

Intramembranous ossification

Type of bone formation that occurs directly from a sheet of connective tissue.

Epiphyseal plate

Structure where long bones primarily increase in length.

Parathyroid hormone

Hormone that increases blood calcium levels partly by stimulating osteoclast activity.

Calcitonin

Hormone that helps lower blood calcium levels.

Periosteum

Structure covering the outer surface of a bone except at articular cartilage.

Endosteum

Structure that lines the internal surfaces of bone.

Soft callus

A temporary cartilage-like bridge formed during fracture healing.

Axial skeleton

The central framework of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Appendicular skeleton

Division of the skeleton composed of the bones of the limbs and their girdles.

Atlas (C1)

The C1 vertebra that supports the skull.

Axis (C2)

The C2 vertebra containing the dens, allowing head rotation.

Dens

Structure on the C2 vertebra (axis) around which the head primarily rotates.

Frontal bone

Bone that forms the forehead.

Zygomatic bone

Bone that forms the cheek prominence.

Occipital bone

Bone containing the foramen magnum.

Mandible

The lower jaw bone.

False ribs

Ribs that attach indirectly to the sternum.

Floating ribs

Ribs with no attachment to the sternum.

Sternum

Structure consisting of the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Clavicle

The collarbone.

Scapula

Bone forming the main support of the shoulder blade.

Humerus

The upper arm bone.

Radius

Forearm bone located on the thumb side and lateral in anatomical position.

Ulna

Forearm bone located on the pinky side.

Femur

The longest bone in the body, part of the lower limb and appendicular skeleton.

Tibia

The larger, medial lower-leg bone that bears most of the body's weight.

Fibula

The smaller, thinner lower-leg bone located laterally.

Coxal bone

Bone forming part of the pelvic girdle.

Pectoral girdle

Structure that connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

Endomysium

The connective tissue layer surrounding an individual muscle fiber.

Perimysium

The connective tissue surrounding a muscle fascicle.

Epimysium

The connective tissue surrounding an entire muscle.

Fascicle

A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers.

Sarcolemma

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

Sarcoplasm

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

Actin and Myosin

Contractile proteins found in skeletal muscle.

Tropomyosin

Protein that covers active sites on actin at rest.

Troponin

Protein that binds calcium during muscle contraction.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Organelle from which calcium is released during skeletal muscle contraction.

ATP (Muscle Contraction)

Energy molecule directly required for detaching myosin from actin.

Sarcomere

The functional contractile unit of a myofibril.

Quadriceps

Muscle group responsible for extending the knee.

Hamstrings

Muscle group responsible for flexing the knee.