Political Philosophy

FIL 120

What elements does Leo Strauss see as philosophy's quest and how does political philosophy become scientific?

Philosophy is the quest for wisdom — a pursuit of universal knowledge about the whole. Political philosophy becomes scientific when it rigorously investigates the nature of political things, aiming to replace opinion with knowledge. It involves asking normative questions about justice, the good life, and the best political order, not just empirical observations

What would be the implications for Rawls if he failed to distinguish between a moral conception of justice and a strictly political conception (according to Russell Hittinger)?

His theory risks becoming sectarian — imposing a comprehensive moral doctrine in a pluralistic society. Rawls must maintain a political conception to ensure neutrality and legitimacy in liberal democratic contexts.

Why is the right prior to the good in political theory for Rawls (according to Hittinger)?

To ensure fairness and equal liberty before endorsing any particular vision of the good life. Principles of justice are chosen independently of personal moral or religious views.

 What do the contractors in the original position know (according to Hittinger)?

They know general facts about human society and psychology. They are behind a “veil of ignorance” — unaware of their own class, race, gender, or personal values. This ensures impartiality in choosing principles of justice.

What is perfectionism as outlined by Hittinger?

The idea that the state should promote a particular conception of the good life or human excellence. Rawls rejects this, favoring a political conception of justice that respects diverse views of the good.

How can we come up with principles of justice in society according to Rawls? Mention the original position and veil of ignorance.

Rawls proposes the “original position” as a hypothetical social contract scenario. Behind the “veil of ignorance,” individuals choose principles without knowing their personal circumstances, ensuring fairness and equality. This leads to two key principles: equal basic liberties and fair equality of opportunity.

What is positivism according to Strauss, and why is it detrimental to political philosophy?

Positivism is the belief that only empirical, scientific knowledge is valid. Strauss argues it dismisses normative inquiry and undermines the philosophical search for justice and the good society.

 What is political philosophy and what should it aim at, according to Strauss?

Political philosophy is the rational inquiry into the nature of political things and the best political order. It should aim at understanding justice, virtue, and the good life — not just describing political behavior.

What is the fundamental difference between communitarianism and liberalism, and which best describes Rawls’ stance?

Liberalism emphasizes individual rights and autonomy. Communitarianism stresses the role of community and shared values. Rawls is best described as a liberal, though he acknowledges the importance of social cooperation.

Make an argument in favour of political liberalism using Premise; Premise; Conclusion format.

Political Liberalism: Individuals have diverse conceptions of the good life. A just society must respect this diversity. Therefore, political principles should be neutral and based on fairness.

Make an argument in favour of communitarianism using Premise; Premise; Conclusion format.

Communitarianism: Individuals are shaped by their communities and traditions. Shared values foster social cohesion and moral development. Therefore, political principles should reflect communal identities and goals.