AP Euro Chapter 13

anticlericalism

opposition to the clergy

indulgence

a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

protestant

the name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-catholic western christian groups

spanish armada

the fleet sent by philip II of spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against protestantism. weather and the english fleet defeated it

the institutes of the christian religion

calvin’s formulation of christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for protestantism

predestination

the teaching that god has determined the salvation or domination of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works

holy office

the official roman catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy

jesuits

members of the society of jesus, founded by ignatius loyola, whose goal was the spread of the roman catholic faith

huguenots

french calvinists

politiques

catholic and protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save france from total collapse

edict of nantes

a document issued by henry iv of france in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to calvinists, which helped restore peace in france

union of utrecht

the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by holland) that declared its independence from spain and formed the united provinces of the netherlands

reformers, scriptures

_____ suggested reform to the church and doctrines, tried to emphasize individual faith and the centralization of the _____ (EQ 1)

scriptures

reformers believed _____ should be the sole basis of christianity because god’s words were only revealed there and not in church traditions (EQ 1)

faith

believed salvation was achieved through _____ and not through sacraments like the indulgences. (EQ 1)

humanists, educated people

were drawn to reformation because they liked the fact that reformers emphasized interest on intellectuality and the Scriptures (EQ 1)

wealthy class

were attracted to reformation because they liked the idea of reducing the church’s power and wealth (EQ 1)

peasants, urban dwellers

were attracted to reformation by the idea of equality and oppression of the church’s corruption. (EQ 1)

Martin Luther, nationalism

_______ appealed to Germans through his sense of ____, so many people became Protestant. (EQ 2)

catholic

ruling habsburg family in germany and the then king Charles V was ____ (EQ 2)

Imperial Diet

When Zwingli died in Switzerland, Charles V called for the _____ in Augsburg to stop the spread of religious division.

augsburg confession, habsburg-valois wars

lutherans made the _____ and gave it to charles but he declined, which led to ______ (EQ 2)

Peace of Augsburg

made by Charles which officially recognized Lutheranism as a religion and gave each territory the right to pick what religion they wanted to practice. (EQ 2)

catholic, germany

The south stayed ____ and ____ became lutheran.

denmark-norway

became the first territory outside Germany to accept the reformation because scholars studied in wittenberg and brought Luther’s ideas with them. (EQ 3)

Henry VIII

_____ wanted to break away from the Catholic Church because the Pope didn’t accept his divorce with Catherine of Aragon. (EQ 3)

Pope Clement VII

pope who didn’t accept Henry’s divorce

Anglican Church

Henry VIII’s own church which originally had Catholic ideas but then went on to become Protestant (EQ 3)

bohemia

in ___ the population of majority Czechs were attracted to Lutheranism through diversity of city. (EQ 3)

counter-reformation

started by catholic church which opposed Protestantism intellectually, politically, and institutionally. (EQ 4)

Pope Paul III

started to reform the Catholic Church by supporting improvements in clergy education and stricter control of clerical life. (EQ 4)

Holy Office

played a powerful role in the catholic reformation by destroying heresy and banning books that supported it (like erasmus). (EQ 4)

council of trent

tried to reconcile with lutherans and calvinists, gave equal validity to the scriptures and church practices as sources of religious truth, reaffirmed the seven sacraments, forbade indulgences, and emphasized preaching to the uneducated. (EQ 4)

france and netherlands

religious conflicts started here because protestants and catholics each believed the other was unholy and would anger God since they were with Satan. (EQ 5)

protestant, religious violence

in france, weak monarchy led to nobles taking advantage and adopting _____ ideas but catholic royal lords and calvinists antimonarchial lords clashed and _____ erupted. (EQ 5)

religious wars in France

caused thousands of people to be killed and also led to agriculture decline, starvation, and more death (EQ 5)

spanish authorities, catholic churches

_______ tried to suppress calvinists by taxing them, so calvinists responded by attacking ______ (EQ 5)

1500, 17 provinces

spanish authorities executed _____ men ruthlessly which angered calvinists and caused them to split the ______ (union of utrecht) (EQ 5)

100,000-200,000; 40,000-60,000

witchcraft beliefs eventually led to ______people being tried (75-80% were women) for witchcraft and _______ people being executed. (EQ 5)