AP Euro Renaissance and Exploration

Pope Urban II

Started the Crusades (1095)

What were the Crusades?

Attempt to take back Jerusalem, introduce Europe to the middle east

Humanism

Focus on human achievement

Petrarch

“Father of Humanism", Believed classical cities reaches a level of perfection not yet achieved afterwards

Lorenzo Valla

Marsilio Ficino 

Platonic Academy, Plato was, “a divinely inspired precursor to Christ”, combined Christianity and platonic teachings

Pico della Mirandola

Blended Christianity and Humanism, believed humans were special and in the middle of everything

Niccolo Machiavelli

Concerned about Italy’s survival during wars, wrote the Prince to advise Italian leaders how to act, very pessimistic, better to be feared than loved

Baldessare Castiglione

Wrote the Courtier - How Aristocrats should act

Francesco Guicciardini

Shared ideas with Machiavelli, wrote a history of Italy based on his experiences

Leonardo Bruni

Linked decline of Latin to the fall of the Roman republic, divided history into 3 eras, the educated man has a duty to serve his country

Leon Battista Alberti

Writes about painting, explains how to paint properly

Michelangelo

Sistine Chapel, Creation of Adam

Donatello

Sculptor

Raphael

School of Athens,

Filippo Brunelleschi

Architect, Church of San Lorenzo

Da Vinci

Last Supper, Mona Lisa, classic Renaissance man

Peter Bruegal the Elder

Northern Renaissance, Peasant Wedding, Netherland Proverbs

Albrecht Durer

German, Self-Portraits, Prints, Woodcuts

Jan Van Eyck 

oil-based paintings

Rembrandt

Baroque art, the night watch, slaughtered oc, return of the prodigal son

Christian Humanism

Combining the two

Thomas More

Utopia

Ferdinand and Isabella

Centralized power through taxing, limited mobility, spanish inquisition

Charles VII

Created land tax (taille) to raise army

Louis XI

Weakened aristocracy, apppoint people based on ability

Concordat of Bologna

Permits pope to collect income and King has control of Catholic leaders, nominates bishops (Francis I)

Edict of Nantes

Ended religious wars, allowed Huguenots rights (Henry IV)