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Perception
experience resulting from stimulation of the senses
Akinetopsia
Unable to perceive motion
What part of the eye is densely populated with cones?
the fovea
lateral inhibition
a process by which excited neurons reduce the activity of neighboring neurons
Visual coding
the relationship between activity in the nervous system and the stimulus that is somehow represented by this activity
Receptive field
the area that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of a single cell
Edge enhancement
process by which the visual system makes edges as visible as possible, facilitating perception of where 1 object or surface ends in the retinal image and another begins
Parallel processing
a system in which many different steps or kinds of analysis occur at the same time
What is the opposite of parallel processing?
Serial processing
What are advantages of parallel processing?
speed/efficiency
mutual influence among multiple systems
resolves contradictory demands
Where system
occipital —> parietal lobe
Aids in the perception of an object’s locations. Damage leads to to difficulties reaching for objects.
What system
occipital —> temporal lobe
Aids in identification of visual objects. Damage leads to visual agnosia.
The Binding Problem
the task of reuniting elements of a stimulus that were addressed by different systems in different brain regions
Elements that help solve the binding problem
spatial position
neural synchrony
attention
Spatial position
overlay map of “which forms are where” with map of “which colors are where”, “which motions are where”, etc.
Neural synchrony
Attributes are registered as belonging to the same object if the neurons detecting these attributes fire in synchrony
Attention
with insufficient attention, conjunction errors are common
Gestalt principles
similarity
proximity
good continuation
closure
simplicity
Perceptual constancy
we perceive constant object properties even though sensory information about these attributes changes when viewing circumstances change
Brightness constancy
you correctly perceive the brightness of objects whether they’re illuminated by dim light or strong sun
Size constancy
you correctly perceive an object’s size despite the changes in retinal-image size created by changes in viewing distance
Shape constancy
correct perception of an object’s shape despite changes in its shape on the retina
Likelihood principle
we perceive the object that is not most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
Types of distance cues
binocular disparity
monocular cues
motion cues
Binocular disparity
the difference between each eye’s view of a stimulus
Monocular distance cues
depth cues that depend only one what each eye sees by itself
When does motion parallax occur?
When we are moving
Optic flow
dynamic depth cue that refers to the relative motions of objects and surfaces in the retinal image as the observer moves forward or backward through a scene
