AQA AS Level Human Geography Case Studies Flashcards

Flashcards about Global Systems and Global Governance

US-China Trade War

Began in 2018, with the US imposing tariffs on Chinese goods due to unfair trade practices and intellectual property theft.

US Trade Deficit with China (approximate)

Approximately $300 billion (as of 2020).

EU Development Aid to African Countries (annually)

Approximately €20 billion annually.

Challenges Facing India-Latin America Trade

Geographic distance, language barriers, and lack of direct shipping routes.

Global Value Chains

Production processes fragmented across multiple countries, with different production stages in different locations.

Recent Trend in Global Trade Agreements

A shift from multilateral to bilateral and regional trade agreements.

North-South Divide in Global Trade

Persistent trade imbalances between developed economies (North) and developing economies (South).

Trade Between Developed and Developing Economies

Developed economies export manufactured goods and services; developing economies export raw materials and agricultural products.

Impact of Digital Technology on Global Trade

Growing importance of services and digital products, enabling new forms of cross-border commerce.

Trade Asymmetry (EU-Africa)

EU exports manufactured goods and machinery to Africa; Africa exports raw materials and agricultural products to the EU.

Countries Selling Apple Products

More than 175 countries.

Apple Employees Worldwide

Over 150,000.

Major Apple Manufacturing Contractors in China

Foxconn and Pegatron.

Apple Cobalt Source

Democratic Republic of Congo.

Apple Lithium Source

Chile.

Apple's Supplier Responsibility Program

Annual audits of suppliers for labor and environmental standards.

Labor Issues in Apple's Supply Chain

Long working hours, low wages, and poor working conditions.

Tax Optimization (TNCs)

Complex international structures used by companies like Apple to minimize tax payments in high-tax jurisdictions.

Apple's Response to Conflict Minerals Concerns

The Conflict Minerals Program to ensure ethical sourcing of minerals.

Apple Increasing Production in India

To meet local content requirements imposed by the Indian government and reduce dependence on China.

Global Coffee Production (annually)

Approximately 170 million 60kg bags annually.

Percentage of Global Coffee from Brazil

Approximately 40%.

Smallholder Farmers in Coffee Production (globally)

25 million.

Major Coffee Trading Companies

Neumann Kaffee Gruppe and ECOM.

Major Coffee Roasting Companies

Nestlé, JAB Holding, and Starbucks.

Main Threat to Traditional Coffee Growing Regions

Climate change, with rising temperatures making some areas unsuitable for coffee cultivation.

Purpose of Fair Trade Certification in Coffee

To guarantee minimum prices and social premiums to certified producer organizations.

Farmers' Share of Final Retail Price of Coffee

Only 7-10%.

Causes of Price Volatility in the Coffee Market

Weather conditions, disease outbreaks, and market speculation.

Direct Trade (coffee)

Companies establishing direct relationships with farmers, bypassing traditional supply chain intermediaries.

UNDP Established (year)

1965.

UNDP Headquarters

New York, USA.

Human Development Index

An annual report published by the UNDP ranking countries by human development indicators.

UNDP Operations (number of countries)

170 countries and territories.

Climate Promise Initiative (UNDP)

Supporting 120 countries to enhance their climate action commitments.

Poverty Reduction Achievement (UNDP)

Contributing to halving extreme poverty between 1990 and 2015.

UNDP Support with Election Processes (number of countries)

Over 60 countries.

Criticism of UNDP's Administrative Structure

Complex bureaucracy slowing implementation of programs.

Results-Based Management (UNDP)

A management strategy focusing on measuring and achieving outputs, outcomes, and impacts.

Resident Coordinator System (UN reforms)

Enhanced coordination of UN agencies at the country level to improve efficiency.

Size of Antarctica

14 million square kilometers (nearly twice the size of Australia).

Average Thickness of Antarctic Ice Sheet

1.6 kilometers.

Lowest Temperature Recorded in Antarctica

-89°C.

Base of Antarctic Food Web

Krill.

Fresh Water Contained in Antarctic Ice

70% of Earth's fresh water.

Major Ice Shelf Collapse in Antarctica (2002)

Larsen B ice shelf.

Glacier of Concern for Sea Level Rise (Antarctica)

Thwaites Glacier, sometimes called the 'Doomsday Glacier.'

Human-Produced CO₂ Absorbed by the Southern Ocean

Approximately 40%.

Ocean Acidification (Antarctica)

Decrease in ocean pH due to absorbed CO₂, threatening marine organisms with shells like pteropods.

Antarctica Tourists (2019-2020 season)

Over 74,000 visitors.

Antarctic Treaty Signed and Enforced

Signed in 1959, came into force in 1961.

Countries with Consultative Status in the Antarctic Treaty

29 countries.

Article I of the Antarctic Treaty

Prohibits military activities in Antarctica.

Antarctic Treaty on Territorial Claims

It freezes existing claims without recognizing or disputing them.

Madrid Protocol Signed

1991.

Madrid Protocol Mining Prohibition (Until what year?)

2048.

CCAMLR (Definition and Establishment)

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, established in 1982.

Ross Sea Marine Protected Area

Established in Antarctica in 2016, the world's largest marine protected area.

Ecosystem Approach (CCAMLR)

Managing the entire Southern Ocean ecosystem, not just harvested species.

IWC Moratorium on Commercial Whaling (Year)

1982.

Japan's Whaling Activity in Antarctic Waters

"Scientific whaling" conducted under an exception to the IWC moratorium until 2019.

Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)

A coalition of 150+ organizations in 40 countries advocating for Antarctic environmental protection.

Greenpeace's Antarctic Campaign (1980s-90s)

The 'World Park Antarctica' campaign that influenced the Madrid Protocol.

Bioprospecting (Antarctica)

The search for commercially valuable genetic resources from Antarctic organisms.

Enforcement Challenge (Antarctic Governance)

Difficulty monitoring and enforcing regulations in such a remote region.