A and P test 1

anatomy

To cut apart, complete dissection of an animal cadaver.

physiology

study of the integrated fucntions of the body and the fucntions of its parts

biophysical processes

movement

biochemical processes

metabolism

gross anatomy

dissection of animal cadavers

comparative anatomy

Study of species structures that are used in classification

embryology

study from fertilization to birth

microscopic anatomy

study of tissue and cells with a microscope

cranial

towards the head

caudal

toward the tail

rostral

towards nose

caudal

towards tail

median plane

imaginary plane passing through the body so as to divide the body into equal right and left halves

sagittal plane

any plane parallel to the median plane.

transverse plane

right angles to the median plane and divides the body into cranial and caudal segments.

horizonal plane

at right angles to both the median plane and transverse planes. Divides the body into dorsal and ventral segments

simple squamouse

thin, plate like cells

cuboidal

approx. equal in all dimensions

columnar

cylindrical cells likem honeycomb

stratified

more thanal one layer of epithelial cells

secretion

release from gland cell of a substance synthesized by the cell- usually affects other cells

excecretion

expulsion of waste products

endocrine

empty secretory product directly into blood

exocrine

empty secretory products on an epithelial surface via ducts.

elastic

cotains kinked fibers which regain their original shape after being stretched

collagenous

Proteinaceous fibers of collagen have very strong tensile strength

areolar

protective cusioning but flexible

recticular

fine fibris and cells

cartilage

firmer than fibrous tissue, but not as hard as bone

hyaline cartilage

glass like covering of bones within joints

bone

Osteoid tissue, which becomes calcified.

blood

fluid matrix, a variety of cells nutrients and waste products.

smooth

splindle shaped cells with only one central nucleus

skeletal

straight, but each cells has its own nervous system

cardiac

involuntary straited

neurons

essential cells

pericardial sac

surrounds the heart

pleural sacs x2

surrounds the lungs

abdominal cavity

peritoneum

visceral peritoneum

surrounds an abdominal organ

parietal peritoneum

surrounds the abdominal cavity

hypertrophy

increase in size of a cell or organ beyond normal

hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells leading to increase in size

atrophy

decreases in size from normal

aplasia

failure of tissue to debelop

hypoplasia

incomplete development of a tissue

metabolism

refers to the sum total of the physical and biochemical reactions occuring in each cell.

anabolic metabolism

building of cellular components

catabolic metabolism

the breakdown of cellular components

cellular terminology

irritability the property of being able to react to a stimulus

conductivity

property of transmitting an electrical impulse from pont a to b

contractivity

ability to shorten in one direction

plasma membrane

lipid bilayer, almost impermeable, ER & golgi continuous with pores.

nucleus

dna controls activity of the cell, DNA to RNA, contains genetic material

ER

tubules and vesicles attached to the nuclear membrane, protein synthesis and trasnports

ribosomes

found in ER and cytoplasm, site of translation RNA to protein

golgi apparatus

continuation of the ER, receives proteins from the ER, sorts and labels proteins, exports proteins,

mitochondria

power house of the cell

3 sodium out

2 pottassium in

lysosomes

stomach of the cell, digests,acidic

mitosis

division od somatic cells to produce two identical daughter cells

meiosis

reductional division of a somatic cell into a gamete

osteology

skeleton gives the basis external structures and appearance

bones

are living structures

fuctions of skeletal systems

protect vital organs, muscles attach to bones, entire skeleton dynamic storage of minerals, blood formation

compact bone

hard layer that constitutes the exterior of most bones

cancellous bone

forms a porous network

meaully cavity

space surrounded by the cortex of long bones

young mammals

filled with red marrow

older mammals

turns to yellow marrow

epiphysis

either end of a long bone

diaphysis

cylindrical shaft of long bone

metaphysis

flared area adjacent to the epiphysis

epiphyseal cartilage

layer of hyaline cartilage within the metaphysis of an immature bone.

articular cartilage

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the joint surface.

periosteam

Fibrous membrane covers the surface of bone, except where articular cartilage.

osteoblasts

bone producing cells increase in diameter of bone.

endosteum

fibrous membrane lines the marrow cavity

osteoclast

bone destroying cells sized thickness.

long bones

greater in one dimension than others

short bones

cuboid, or approx. equal in all dimensions

long bone classifications

relatively cylindrical shaft, two extremities, humerous, radius, ulna, and locomotion

short bone characteristics

no single marrow cavity, more distributed, filled with spongy bone with marrow spaces, carpus (Knee), and tarsus (hock)

flat bones

relatively thin and expanded in two dimensions

flat bone characteristics

consist of two plates of compact bone, fucntion protect organs, ex skull, ribs, pelvis

irregular bones

unpaired bones on the median plane

sesamoid bones

resemble sesame seed

irregular bone charcteristics

protect, support, muscular attachment

sesamoid bone characteristics

occur along course of tendons, reduce friction, increase leverage

axial skeleton

bones on or attached to the midline

examples of axial skeletons

skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs

skull

protects brain, supports many of the sense organs, forms passages for entry to GI ans respiratory systems

what does the skull contain

Cranial part and facial part

caudal and dorsal walls of the formed by

occipital, parietal, interparietal, frontal bones

horns (if present) core bony projections from frontal bones

projectons= cornual processes

laterally and ventrally walls in skull formed by

temporal and sphenoid bones

skull facial bones divided in 3 regions

orbital, nasal, and oral

lacrimal

tear ducts

zygomatic

cheek bones

zygomatic arch partially formed by?

frontal, zygomatic, temporal, borders the ventral and caudal of orbit