The Industrial Revolution and the Rise of Imperialism Review

Definition flashcards based on the lecture notes regarding the transition from the domestic system to the Industrial Revolution in England.

Domestic system

A system of production where artisans and craftspeople used simple tools to make goods at home with the help of family members, primarily for local communities.

Putting out system

A modified system where merchants supplied raw materials to artisans who worked at home or in workshops, receiving wages for their labour; it served as a precursor to the factory system.

Industrial Revolution

A series of remarkable inventions starting by the middle of the $18^{th}$ century in England that fundamentally altered the methods, techniques, and organization of production and distribution.

Capitalists

Rich merchants or people who owned the capital, including factories, resources, and the means of production.

Surplus Capital

Enormous wealth accumulated in England through economic growth and increased overseas trade, which was used to develop new industries and factories.

Agricultural Revolution

A period preceding the Industrial Revolution involving the consolidation of landholdings, improved agricultural methods like crop rotation, and new farming machinery.

Enclosure Movement

The takeover of land by rich landlords, which led to large-scale unemployment of farmers who then migrated to towns and cities in search of factory jobs.

Coal and Iron

The two essential resources available in abundance in northern England that were necessary for the growth of industries.

Hargreave's Spinning Jenny

One of the key inventions that improved the textile industry by enabling machines to make cotton thread.

John Kay's Flying Shuttle

A revolutionary invention used in the cotton industry to improve the weaving process.

Arkwright's Water Frame

An important machine used to drive the mechanization of the textile industry.

Cartwright's Power Loom

An invention used to automate the weaving of cloth in the textile industry.

Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin

A machine that improved the efficiency of processing cotton for the textile industry.

James Watt's Steam Engine

An invention that used steam power and became one of the most important inventions of the Industrial Revolution.

Newcomen's Pump

A steam-powered device used to help extract coal from coal mines.

Davy's Safety Lamp

A lamp used in mines that increased the production of coal and iron by improving safety for miners.

Abraham Darby

An individual who, in the early $18^{th}$ century, discovered a way of smelting iron using coal rather than wood, allowing for the mass production of iron machinery.

Lancashire

A region in England that, along with Manchester, became a primary center of the cotton industry during the Industrial Revolution.