Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Plasma
The liquid component of blood that is mostly water and contains proteins, salts, and hormones. 55% of blood volume, it plays a crucial role in transporting nutrients and waste. The plasma proteins are Albumin, Immoniglibins, and Fibrogen.
What is a Complete Blood Count (CBC)?
A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a test that measures the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood, providing important information about overall health and detecting various disorders.
Erythrocytes (formed element)
Red blood cells that contain hemoglobin and are responsible for transporting oxygen. 4.1-5.4 × 10^12 cells/L
Hemoglobin
A protein in red blood cells composed of globin chains and iron that binds and transports oxygen.
Leukocytes
White blood cells that are part of the immune system and help defend the body against infection. 4.3 -10.8 × 10 ^9 cell/L
Hematocrit
The percentage of blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. Women 40 % and men 45%
What are blood types?
Blood types are classifications of blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens on the surface of red blood cells. The main blood type systems are the ABO system, which includes types A, B, AB, and O, and the Rh factor, which indicates whether blood is positive or negative.
Anemia
A condition characterized by decreased red blood cells or hemoglobin leads to diminished oxygen transport. Experience weakness, fatigue, poor concentration, and dyspnea.
Einthoven’s triangle
A formation used in EKG setups involving three limb leads positioned to measure electrical activity of the heart.
Systole
The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. 120 mm Hg
Diastole
The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers fill with blood. 80 mmm Hg
Pulmonary ventilation
The process of air moving in and out of the lungs.
Henry’s law
A principle stating that the amount of gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.
Spirometer
A device used to measure lung volumes and capacities.
Tidal volume
The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.
Glycogen
A multi-branched polysaccharide that serves as a form of energy storage in animals.Insulin promotes formation of
glycogen after a meal as a means to store glucose.
a. Glucagon is the hormone released during periods of fasting which breaks
down glycogen (glycogenolysis)
Three processes of urine formation
Glomerular filtration: The process by which blood is filtered through the glomerulus to form urine.
Tubular reabsorption: contents from renal tubule leaves the renal
tubule and is reabsorbed in the peritubular capillaries
Tubular secretion:contents from the peritubular capillaries leaves
to be secreted in the renal tubule
Net filtration pressure
The overall pressure that promotes filtration in the glomerulus, considering both the forces favoring and opposing filtration.
Renin
An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
Angiotensin II
A hormone that causes blood vessels to constrict, which raises blood pressure and increases sodium reabsorption.
Cardiac conduction system
The cardiac conduction system is a network of specialized cardiac muscle cells that generates and conducts electrical impulses, coordinating heartbeats. It includes key structures such as the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
Bipolar leads
Bipolar leads are a type of electrocardiogram (ECG) lead that measure the electrical potential difference between two electrodes placed on the body, typically on the limbs, allowing for the recording of the heart's electrical activity in a horizontal plane.
What is an EKG graph?
An EKG graph visually represents the heart's electrical activity over time. The x-axis represents time, usually in seconds, while the y-axis indicates the voltage or electrical potential measured in millivolts (mV) generated by the heart's activity, providing insights into the heart's rhythm and electrical conduction.
What are the components of an EKG and their significance?
The P wave, QRS complex, and T wave are key elements of an EKG. The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex reflects ventricular depolarization, and the T wave indicates ventricular repolarization, providing insights into the electrical activity and health of the heart.
Abnormal EKG
An electrocardiogram that shows irregularities in the heart's electrical activity, which may indicate various cardiac issues, such as arrhythmias, ischemia, or infarction.
Heart rate and pulse pressure
is the number of times the heart beats per minute, reflecting the heart's efficiency and overall health. ( 60m -80). Heart rate is typically measured in beats per minute (BPM) and pulse pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, indicating cardiovascular health.
Mean Arterial pressure
is a measure of the average blood pressure in a person's arteries during one cardiac cycle, important for assessing blood flow to organs. mean- diasoltic + pulse pressure /3
S1 (lub)
is the first heart sound, produced by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the beginning of ventricular contraction.
S2 (dub)
is the second heart sound, caused by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of ventricular contraction.
Areas of auscultation
are specific locations on the chest where heart sounds can be best heard using a stethoscope. Sortic valve – right parasternal second intercostal space
o Pulmonary valve – left parasternal second intercostal space
o Tricuspid valve - left parasternal fifth intercostal space
o Mitral valve – fifth intercostal space at left midclavicular line
Function of respiratory system
The overall function of the respiratory system is to allow for gas exchange
between air and the blood, providing oxygen to all cells and tissues of the body, and simultaneously expelling carbon dioxide
Benidicts solution
tests for starch. is a long polymer made up of long chains of glucose. Amylase breaks
down starch into individual glucose molecules
Urine composition and abnormal presence
Refers to the various substances and compounds found in urine, including water, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and waste products from metabolism. Glucose, blood, leukocytes, excess protein, and ketones is not normal
Filters of kidney
remove waste and excess substances from the blood, regulating fluid balance and electrolytes. Each kidney filtrates 1 L blood/min and produces urine for excretion.
Juxtamedullary complex, Glandular cells, and mesangial cells
A group of structures in the kidney, including the juxtaglomerular apparatus, is responsible for regulating blood pressure and filtration rate. These components work together to maintain homeostasis and renal function.
