Chapter 9 PSYC 1100

Motivation

The force that moves people to behave, think, and feel as they do.

Characteristics of Motivation

Motivation is energized, directed, and sustained toward a goal.

Instinct

An unlearned, innate biological pattern of behavior triggered by a specific stimulus.

Drive Reduction Theory

Motivation arises from physiological needs that create drives to reduce internal tension.

Need vs. Drive

A need is a physiological deprivation; a drive is the psychological aroused state.

Goal of Drive Reduction

To maintain homeostasis, the body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium.

Optimum Arousal Theory

People are motivated to maintain a personally optimal level of alertness and arousal.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than extreme arousal.

Sexual Orientation

The direction of an individual's erotic and emotional attractions.

Pansexual vs. Asexual

Pansexual is attraction regardless of gender; asexual is having no sexual attraction.

LGBTQ Community

A diverse collective of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals.

Hierarchy of Needs (Order)

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Self-Actualization

The motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being.

Self-Determination Theory

Motivation stems from three organic, innate needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy.

Autonomy (Self-Determination Theory)

The sense of being in control of one's own life and choices.

Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation

Intrinsic is driven by internal satisfaction; extrinsic is driven by external rewards.

Self-Regulation

The process of effortfully controlling behavior to pursue and achieve goals.

Emotion

A feeling involving physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Emotion results from physiological states triggered by environmental stimuli.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

Emotion is determined by physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expressions can influence emotions as well as reflect them.

Universal Facial Expressions

Distinct facial expressions for basic emotions that are recognized across all cultures.

Display Rules

Sociocultural standards that determine when, where, and how emotions should be expressed.

Circumplex Model of Emotion

A model categorizing emotions along two dimensions: valence and arousal.

Valence vs. Arousal (Circumplex Model)

Valence is how pleasant/unpleasant an emotion is; arousal is its activation level.

Oliva M. Espín, Ph.D.

Pioneer in Latin American feminist psychology and the psychology of immigrant women.